Viral Structure
This is the protein coat that surrounds and protects a virus's nucleic acid.
What is a capsid
Viruses must use these types of cells to reproduce.
What are living host cells.
A virus that specifically infects a bacterium is called this.
What is a bacteriophage (phage)
Unlike bacteria, viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material—not both.
What is DNA or RNA
Viruses are difficult to grow on ordinary bacterial culture media because they require this.
What are living host cells
These individual protein subunits make up the viral capsid.
What are capsomeres
This is the first step of viral replication, when the virus attaches to a receptor on the host cell.
What is adsorption/attachment.
In this bacteriophage cycle, the host cell is destroyed and new phages are released.
What is the lytic cycle.
An infection in which a person has no obvious clinical signs or symptoms is called this
What is a subclinical infection
Detection of viral genetic material can be accomplished using tests that identify viral DNA or RNA
What are nucleic acid tests/typing
This structure is found on some viruses and is derived from the host cell's membrane.
What is the viral envelope
After attachment, the virus enters the host cell during this step.
What is penetration
During this cycle, viral DNA becomes incorporated into the bacterial chromosome.
What is the lysogenic cycle.
A virus that remains dormant inside the host and may reactivate later causes this type of infection.
What is a latent infection
A laboratory finding of antibodies against a particular virus can provide evidence of this.
What is viral infection or previous exposure
These glycoprotein projections help a virus attach to receptors on a host cell.
What are spikes (peplomers)
Put these steps in the correct order: assembly, adsorption, release, synthesis, penetration, uncoating.
What is adsorption → penetration → uncoating → synthesis → assembly → release
Viral DNA that has integrated into the bacterial chromosome is called this.
What is a prophage
Certain types of this virus are associated with cervical and other cancers.
What is human papillomavirus (HPV)
These proteins are produced as part of the body's response to viral infection and help stimulate antiviral defenses.
What are interferons
A complete, infectious virus particle outside a host cell is called this.
What is a virion
This term describes visible damage to a host cell caused by viral infection.
What is a cytopathic effect (CPE)
A bacteriophage capable of entering either a lytic or lysogenic state is known by this term.
What is a temperate phage.
This type of viral infection can persist in the host over a long period and may involve continued viral production.
What is a chronic/persistent infection
This is generally considered one of the most effective strategies for preventing many viral diseases.
What is vaccination/immunization