Sensation and perception
What is the difference between sensory and perception ?
Sensory is when information is detected by a sensory receptor.
Perception is how the information is interpreted by the people.
Associative learning
Occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occurs together in the environment
What is cognition
Is thinking, and it encompasses the process associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgement, language, and memory.
What is short term memory and how long does it last?
retroactive interference
information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information
What is absolute threshold?
Its a minimum amount of energy for stimulus to be directed 50% of the time.
What is classical and operant conditioning?
classical conditioning is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events
operant is when organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence.
The founder of the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Robert J. Sternberg
Who came up with Misinformation Effect?
What is the Misinformation Effect paradigm?
Cognitive psychologist Elizabeth Loftus
Holds exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person misremembering the actual event.
Three functions of the memory?
encoding, Storage, and retrieval
What is opponent- process theory of color perceptio?
Color is coded in opponent pairs; black-white, yellow-blue, and red- green.
What are positive and negative reinforcement and punishment?
Positive reinforcement is added to increase the likelihood of behavior
Negative reinforcement is removed to increase the likelihood of behavior
Positive punishment is something added to decrease the likelihood of behavior
Negative punishment is something removed to decrease likelihood of behavior
What are concepts and what type of concepts are there?
Concepts are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. Concepts are informed by semantic memory. The 2 types of concepts are:natural concepts (created naturally through experiences) and artificial concept (defined by a specific set of characteristics)
What are the 3 stages of memory?
1. Sensory memory- come from our senses
2.Short term memory- hold limited amount of information for about 20 seconds.
3. Long term memory- a continuous storage of information that has to be rehearsed.
What are some learning disabilities?
dysgraphia, dyslexia, and Dyscalculia
Meniere’s disease
results in a degeneration of inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and an increase in pressure within the inner ear.
Radical behaviorism
Staunch form of behaviorism developed by B.F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher metal functions like human language are nothing more than stimulu-outcome associations.
What percentage of the population has an IQ below 70?
2.2%of the population
What parts of the brain are involved in memory?
Amygdala, Hippocampus, Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex
What is availability heuristic?
faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you
What is Amplitude and wavelength?
The amplitude of a wave is the distance from the center line to the top point of the crest or the bottom point of the trough.
wavelength refers to the length of wave from one peak to the next.
What is it called when some one or something is afraid or one object then later on becomes afraid of other objects that are the same or similar?
stimulus generalization
What is schema and what type of schemata are there?
A mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.
role schema-makes assumptions about individuals in certain roles will behave (helps fill in gaps)
event schemata-known as cognitive script is a set of behaviors that can feel like a routine (reasons why habits are difficult to break)
equipotentiality hypothesissome
parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories
Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?
Robert Sternberg