Encoding
Distinctiveness definition
that a stimulus is different from other memory traces
What is retrieval?
refers to the process that allows you to locate information that is stored in long-term memory and to have access to that information.
What is a schema
consists of general knowledge or expectation, which is distilled from your past experiences with someone or something.
what is own-ethnicity bias?
you are generally more accurate in identifying members of your own ethnic group than members of another ethnic group
Focuses on your memories for events that happens to you personally
Episodic Memory
What does encoding refer to?
how one processes information and represents it in their memory
explicit memory task vs implicit memory task
Explicit: researcher directly asks you to remember some information; you realize you are being tested and you need to intentionally gather information
Implicit: you see material and later are instructed to complete a cognitive task that does not directly ask you for either recall or recognition.
What is Source monitoring?
Trying to find/identify the origin of a particular memory.
difference between mood and emotion?
Emotion- reaction to a specific stimulus
Mood refers to a more general, long-lasting experience
Definition/description of Semantic Memory
describes your organized knowledge about the world including your knowledge on words and other factual information.
What is the encoding-specificity principle?
states that recall is better if the context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding.
What happens in a repetition priming task
recent exposure to a word increases the likelihood that you'll think of this particular word when you are subsequentially presented with a cue that could evoke many different words.
What is flashbulb memory refer to?
Memory for the circumstances in which you first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event.
What is the Pollyanna Principle?
states that pleasant items are usually processed more efficiently and more accurately than less-pleasant items.
refers to the knowledge about how to do something.
Procedural memory
What are the levels of processing approach
an approach arguing that deep meaningful processing of information leads to a more accurate recall than shallow, sensory kinds of proccessing.
When does dissociation occurs?
when a variable has large effects on test A but little to no effects on test B.
Factors affecting eyewitness testimony
1) Eyewitnesses make more errors if they saw a crime committed during a stressful circumstance
2) More errors when a longer delay between the original event and the time of testimony
3)eyewitnesses make more errors if misinformation is plausible
4) more errors if there's social pressure
5)eyewitnesses make more mistakes of someone has provided positive feedback.
What emotional tone had a higher accuracy for recall?
More accurate recall for pleasant items.
What is the false-memory perspective?
proposes most of these recovered memories are actually incorrect memories.
What are the three critical questions about encoding long-term memory?
1)Are you more likely to remember things processed in a resounding, meaningful fashion, rather than a superficial and shallow fashion?
2) Are you more likely to remember items if the context at the time of encoding matches the context at the time of retrieval?
3) How do emotional factors influence memory accuracy?
Discussion on autobiographical memory illustrates what important characteristics?
1) Although sometimes we make mistakes our memory is often accurate for a variety of information
2) when people make mistakes it generally concerns peripheral details and specific information about commonplace events.
3)Our memories often blend together information from a variety of sources; we actively construct a unified memory at the time of retrieval
What is the post-event misinformation effect?
people first view an event and are then given misinformation, rather than the event they actually saw.
How do experts and novices differ?
experts possess a well-organized, carefully learned knowledge structure, which assists them during both encoding and retrieval, more likely to reorganize teh new material forming meaningful chunks, and have more visual images for the items they must recall. Work hard to emphasize teh distinctiveness of each stimulus during encoding. Rehearse in a more strategic fashion, better at reconstructing missing portions of information, experts are more skilled at predicting teh difficulty of the task.
What is betrayal trauma
describes how a child may respond adaptively when a trusted parent or caretaker betrays him or her through sexual abuse