Encoding
retriecal
autobiographical
Special topics
Surprise
100

Distinctiveness definition

that a stimulus is different from other memory traces

100

What is retrieval?

refers to the process that allows you to locate information that is stored in long-term memory and to have access to that information.

100

What is a schema

consists of general knowledge or expectation, which is distilled from your past experiences with someone or something.

100

what is own-ethnicity bias?

you are generally more accurate in identifying members of your own ethnic group than members of another ethnic group

100

Focuses on your memories for events that happens to you personally

Episodic Memory

200

What does encoding refer to?

how one processes information and represents it in their memory

200

explicit memory task vs implicit memory task

Explicit: researcher directly asks you to remember some information; you realize you are being tested and you need to intentionally gather information

Implicit: you see material and later are instructed to complete a cognitive task that does not directly ask you for either recall or recognition. 

200

What is Source monitoring?

Trying to find/identify the origin of a particular memory.

200

difference between mood and emotion?

Emotion- reaction to a specific stimulus

Mood refers to a more general, long-lasting experience

200

Definition/description of Semantic Memory

describes your organized knowledge about the world including your knowledge on words and other factual information. 

300

What is the encoding-specificity principle?

states that recall is better if the context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding.

300

What happens in a repetition priming task

recent exposure to a word increases the likelihood that you'll think of this particular word when you are subsequentially presented with a cue that could evoke many different words.  

300

What is flashbulb memory refer to?

Memory for the circumstances in which you first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event. 

300

What is the Pollyanna Principle?

states that pleasant items are usually processed more efficiently and more accurately than less-pleasant items.

300

refers to the knowledge about how to do something. 

Procedural memory

400

What are the levels of processing approach

an approach arguing that deep meaningful processing of information leads to a more accurate recall than shallow, sensory kinds of proccessing.

400

When does dissociation occurs?

when a variable has large effects on test A but little to no effects on test B. 

400

Factors affecting eyewitness testimony

1) Eyewitnesses make more errors if they saw a crime committed during a stressful circumstance

2) More errors when a longer delay between the original event and the time of testimony

3)eyewitnesses make more errors if misinformation is plausible

4) more errors if there's social pressure

5)eyewitnesses make more mistakes of someone has provided positive feedback.

400

What emotional tone had a higher accuracy for recall?

More accurate recall for pleasant items.

400

What is the false-memory perspective?

proposes most of these recovered memories are actually incorrect memories.

500

What are the three critical questions about encoding long-term memory? 

1)Are you more likely to remember things processed in a resounding, meaningful fashion, rather than a superficial and shallow fashion?

2) Are you more likely to remember items if the context at the time of encoding matches the context at the time of retrieval?

3) How do emotional factors influence memory accuracy?

500

Discussion on autobiographical memory illustrates what important characteristics?

1) Although sometimes we make mistakes our memory is often accurate for a variety of information 

2) when people make mistakes it generally concerns peripheral details and specific information about commonplace events. 

3)Our memories often blend together information from a variety of sources; we actively construct a unified memory at the time of retrieval

500

What is the post-event misinformation effect?

people first view an event and are then given misinformation, rather than the event they actually saw.

500

How do experts and novices differ?

experts possess a well-organized, carefully learned knowledge structure, which assists them during both encoding and retrieval, more likely to reorganize teh new material forming meaningful chunks, and have more visual images for the items they must recall. Work hard to emphasize teh distinctiveness of each stimulus during encoding. Rehearse in a more strategic fashion, better at reconstructing missing portions of information, experts are more skilled at predicting teh difficulty of the task.

500

What is betrayal trauma

describes how a child may respond adaptively when a trusted parent or caretaker betrays him or her through sexual abuse