Types of Long-Term Memory
What are the three main types of long-term memory?
Episodic, Semantic, and Procedural Memory
What are the three main processes of memory?
Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval
What are the two types of interference that can cause forgetting?
Proactive and Retroactive Interference
What is the schema theory in memory?
It suggests that memory is influenced by prior knowledge and expectations
What is autobiographical memory?
Memory for personal experiences and life events
Which type of long-term memory stores general knowledge, such as facts and concepts?
Semantic Memory
According to the Levels of Processing theory, what type of processing leads to better recall?
Deep Processing (meaning-based encoding)
What type of amnesia involves the inability to form new memories?
Anterograde Amnesia
What is the post-event misinformation effect?
When misleading information presented after an event alters a person's memory of the event
What is the Pollyanna Principle in memory research?
People tend to remember positive memories more accurately than negative ones
What type of long-term memory is used when riding a bicycle or typing on a keyboard?
Procedural Memory
What is the self-reference effect in memory?
People remember information better when they relate it to themselves
What is retrograde amnesia?
A loss of memory for events that occurred before brain damage
What is source monitoring?
The process of determining where a memory came from
How does expertise affect memory performance?
Experts organize information better, recall more details, and use chunking strategies
What type of memory is used to recall personal life events, like your first day of school?
Episodic Memory
What principle states that recall is better when retrieval conditions match encoding conditions?
Encoding Specificity Principle
What is a flashbulb memory?
A vivid, detailed memory of an emotionally significant event
What factor increases errors in eyewitness testimony?
High stress, misleading information, and time delays
What is mood congruence in memory?
People recall memories that match their current mood
What distinguishes procedural memory from the other types of long-term memory?
It involves motor skills and learned behaviors that are performed automatically
What is an example of elaborative rehearsal?
Creating personal connections or using a mnemonic to remember new information
What does research say about the accuracy of flashbulb memories?
They are vivid but often contain inaccuracies and change over time
What is the own-ethnicity bias in face recognition?
People are better at recognizing faces from their own ethnic group than from other groups
What is reality monitoring?
The ability to distinguish between real memories and imagined events