Personality Development
the name of the psychosocial development in middle childhood
Damon's Stages of Friendship
( Titles only)
Stage 1: Basing friendships on others behavior
Stage 2: Friendship based on trust
Stage 3: Friendships based on psychological closeness
skills that led to success in social settings
What is social competence?
period when parents and children jointly control behavior
What is co-regulation?
- solely based on observation of western cultures
- theory initially based largely on data from males
What is Kohlberg criticisms?
define industry and inferiority
industry: feelings of mastery and proficiency and a growing sense of competence
inferiority: feelings of failure and inadequacy
- 11-15 yrs
- friendships based on intimacy & loyalty
- friendships involve mutual disclosure and exclusivity
What is Damon's Stage 3?
____: lacks social competence
____: receive relatively little attention from their peers in the form of either positive or negative interaction
____: are actively disliked & their peers may react to them in an obviously negative manner
unpopular children
neglected children
rejected children
- provide support, companionship, and sense of security
What is siblings?
- growing # of families have 2 dad/moms
- children of lesbian/gay parents have similar relationships with peers as children of heterosexual parents
What is families with gay or lesbians?
____ becomes divided into personal and academic.
What is self-concept?
- 4-7 yrs
- children see friends like themselves
- children see friends as people to share toys & activities with
- do not take into account personal traits
What is Damon's Stage 1?
Popularity
high status:
low status:
High status:
- form friendships w/ high status children
- more likely to form exclusive and desirable groups
- tend to play w/ a greater # of children
- have a greater access to resources
Low status:
- form friendships w/ other lower class children
- tend to play w/ lower # of children
- more likely to play w/ younger or less popular
- tend to follow the lead of higher status children
25% of children under 18 .....
live with only one parent.
proposed fixed stages in moral development reasoning
What is Kohlberg?
define self-esteem
What is individuals overall and specific + or - self evaluation?
- 8-10 yrs
- children now begin to take others personal qualities & traits into consideration
- friends viewed as rewards
- friendships based on mutual trust
What is Damon's Stage 2?
Gender friendships
Girls vs Boys
Girls
- focus on 1 or 2 best friends of equal status
- conflicts solved by compromise, ignoring situation, or giving in
- confrontational
Boys
- larger network of friends
- form dominant hierarchy
- restrictive play
households w/ several generations living together
What is multigenerational families?
Names of Kohlberg Stages
1. Pre-conventional morality
2. Conventional morality
3. Post-conventional morality
_____ : comparing selves to abilities, experience, and opinions of others
What is social comparisons?
- provide emotional support and help children handle stress
- teach how to manage and control emotions
- teach about communication with others
- foster intellectual growth
What is friendship influences in middle childhood?
Social problem solving steps according to Dodge
1. find and identify relevant social cues
2. interpret & evaluate social cues
3. determine problem-solving responses
4. evaluate responses and their consequences
5. choose a response
- school age children blame themselves
- most live with mother
- children & parents may show anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, and phobias up to 2 years
Description of Kohlberg stages
Stages 1&2. people follow vary strict rules based on reward and punishment
Stages 3&4. people approach problems in terms of their own position as good responsible members of society
Stages 5&6. universal moral principles are invoked and considered broader than a particular society