The ______ consists of the gases around and above the Earth
atmosphere
100
What do we call a scientist who studies the structure and history of Earth?
geologist
100
The material that comes up through the Earth's surface and hardens is called _________
lava
100
What is a crack in the Earth's crust called?
fault
100
The movement of pieces of weathered rock from one place to another is called___
erosion
200
What do we call any/all physical features on the Earth's surface?
Landform
200
What is the force called that occurs when tectonic plates are pushed together
Compression (comPRESSion)
200
An unmoving "pool" of magma below the Eath's crust is called a(n) ________
hot spot
200
How is the amount of energy released from an earthquake measured?
Magnitude on the Richter Scale
200
What causes chemical weathering?
acid rain; pollution in the air
300
What is the name of the "...sphere" that include's all of Earth's liquid and solid water called (oceans, lakes, glaciers, ice caps)
Hydrosphere
300
Name and describe 3 features of the ocean floor
TRENCHES: long, narrow and the deepest part of ocean floor MID-OCEAN RIDGE: underwater mountain ranges RIFT VALLEY: a valley down the center of a mid-ocean ridge ABYSSAL PLAIN: wide, flat area of ocean floor
300
What causes a volcano to erupt?
Magma forms in the Earth's mantle. It rises into the crust and heats the rocks until they melt. The pressure from the magma becomes too great and it pushes through the Earth's surface through a vent.
300
What is the giant wave caused by an earthquake under the ocean called?
tsunami
300
Which of the following is NOT a cause of erosion? Explain your choice. HEAT, GRAVITY, WIND, RUNNING WATER
Heat; no movement (erosion is movement)
400
The upper mantle includes two "...spheres". Name each and explain how they are different.
lithosphere includes the crust and top of upper mantle--(mostly solid, rigid, cool) asthenosphere includes "almost" melted rock (semi-molten state, softer)
400
What African and South American discovery proves that "continental drift" actually has occurred?
On both continents have coastal shapes that could fit together like a puzzle; both coasts have similar animal fossils, and age/type of mountains.
400
What is the "Ring of Fire" ;where is it? AND what causes it?
The Ring of Fire is an area around the Pacific Ocean where a large number of both volcanic and earthquake activity occur. Because it is in this area of the Earth with mostly tectonic plate subduction zones
400
Explain how an earthquake is similar to tossing a rock into a pond.
An earthquake has a spot where slipping begins called a focus (rock first hits water); Waves travel outward in all directions from that spot getting slower and farther apart as they travel (primary waves, secondary, then surface)
400
Explain how erosion and deposition work together using running water.
As water moves it picks up bits of rock and soil. This erodes the land. When the water slows down, it deposits the rocks and soil it picked up earlier. This causes the land to be built up
500
Name the layers of the Earth. We learned 7!!
Starting in the center of the Earth: Inner Core, Outer Core, Lower Mantle, Upper Mantle (asthenosphere, lithosphere), Crust, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere
500
Explain how each type of mountain is formed: FOLDED mountains & FAULT-BLOCK mountains
FOLDED: When two continental plates are compressed, the ground buckles upward. FAULT-BLOCK: when one plate rubs or "shears" past another causing a fault to move up or down forming a mountain range
500
Draw a cinder-cone volcano and a shield volcano. Explain the difference.
CINDER-CONE: one main vent; high explosion with cinder ash falling down and forming mountain SHIELD: could have more than one vent; slow lava flows that dry and build up to form mountain
500
What is the place on the Earth's surface called that is directly above the "focus"
epicenter
500
If a group of scientists wanted to protect a delta, what can they do to prevent erosion caused by running water?
Use dams to control the speed of the water; build levees to control water direction; plant grasses and plants along the banks of the delta to support the existing soils