Learning
3 types of learning
Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Observational Learning
The Russian researcher who was researching dog's digestion when he noticed they began salivating at the sound of his footsteps
Ivan Pavlov
Mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment
Cognitive map
Researcher responsible for the Bobo Doll experiment
Albert Bandura
Tendency of an animal to revert to its instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response
Instinctive drift
Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others
Observational Learning
Formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response
Conditioned Stimulus
Describe the "Skinner box"
Small cage with a food dispenser where once the animal presses the lever or button, they are rewarded with food
In the Bobo Doll experiment, what were the three versions of the videos shown to the children?
Version 1: Adult was reinforced
Version 2: Adult was punished
Version 3: Adult received no consequences
Occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other, similar stimuli as well
Stimulus Generalization
Process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses
Conditioning
A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food
Taste aversion
Learning principle in which responses followed by satisfying effects are strengthened (more likely to occur again), but responses followed by dissatisfying effects are weakened (less likely to occur again)
Law of Effect
2 factors that increase imitation
•High-status or dominant models
•People who are rewarded for their behavior
Warm, nurturing people
People who are like you
If you lack confidence in your own abilities
If the situation is unfamiliar or ambiguous
If you’ve been rewarded for imitating the same behavior in the past
Phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior
Learned helplessness
Basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response
Classical Conditioning
The conditioned stimulus in The Office example
Computer Reboot Noise
The removal (subtraction) of something to increase the likelihood of a response being repeated
Negative Reinforcement
Explain the Bobo doll experiment OUTCOMES
Version 1 and 3: More likely to imitate the actions seen in the video
Version 2: Less likely to imitate the actions seen in the video
Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available
Latent learning
Basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response
Operant Conditioning
List the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR in the "Little Albert" Study
UCS - Loud noise (from steel bar)
UCR - Fear from loud noise
CS - White rat
CR - Fear from the white rat
Positive Punishment is:
Addition of something to decrease the likelihood of a response being repeated
4 cognitive processes for modeling behavior
Pay attention to the other person’s behavior
Remember the other person’s behavior
Transform mental representations into actions that you can reproduce
Must have the motivation to imitate the behavior
Phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement Effect