Carbohydrates and Lipids
This reaction links monomers to form polymers and releases water as a byproduct.
dehydration synthesis
The process in which a protein's shape is altered due to changes in pH or temperature, rendering it non-functional, without affecting its primary sequence.
denaturation
The organelle responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.
mitochondrion
The type of transport where molecules move from an area of high concentration to low concentration without energy input.
passive transport
This process uses the sun’s energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, and occurs within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
photosynthesis
The storage polysaccharide found in animals, stored primarily in the liver and muscles.
glycogen
These are the purine bases found in DNA and RNA, each consisting of a double-ring structure.
adenine and guanine
These structures are used by cells to transport proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.
vesicles
These proteins span the lipid bilayer and assist in transporting polar molecules across the cell membrane without using energy.
channel proteins (or transport proteins involved in facilitated diffusion)
This process in plant cells circulates the cytoplasm and its organelles around the cell, facilitating the distribution of materials such as nutrients and enzymes.
cytoplasmic streaming
This lipid molecule is amphipathic, containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, and is essential in forming cellular membranes.
phospholipid
This is the highest level of protein structure that includes more than one polypeptide chain.
quaternary structure
Composed of large and small subunits, these cellular structures are responsible for protein synthesis, either in the cytoplasm or on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
ribosomes
This is the term for the selective movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane, typically driven by differences in solute concentration.
osmosis
These proteins provide the mechanical force for movement of organelles along microtubules in the cytoskeleton, powered by ATP.
motor proteins
This fat-soluble molecule is the precursor for steroid hormones and helps stabilize cell membranes.
cholesterol
The bond formed between amino acids to create proteins.
peptide bond
This organelle is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum for transport within or out of the cell.
Golgi apparatus
This type of endocytosis involves the cell engulfing large particles or microorganisms using pseudopodia, often forming a vesicle around the ingested material.
phagocytosis
The semi-permeable barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell.
cell membrane
This polysaccharide, composed entirely of glucose monomers, provides structural support in plants and is indigestible by most animals
cellulose
The secondary structure of proteins, involving hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms, can result in these two common structures.
alpha helix and beta-pleated sheet
The term for the internal scaffolding system that provides shape and supports movement in the cell.
cytoskeleton
This pump in nerve cells uses ATP to exchange sodium and potassium ions across the membrane.
sodium-potassium pump
The process that allows cells to take in water during osmosis without bursting, especially in plants.
turgor pressure