Foundations of Learning
Learning is defined as a lasting change of one of what two areas?
Behavior and Mental Process
The psychologist who is most responsible for developing the classical conditioning ideal is who?
Ivan Pavlov
The ideals of Operant Learning were largely developed by the groundbreaking work of which psychologist?
B. F. Skinner
The experiment with little Albert concluded that what aspect of personality could also be learned?
Phobias
The idea that a more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity is known as what principle?
Premack Principle
Ignoring the sound of sirens on ambulances or police cars while living in a city is an example of what?
Habituation
In the classical dog training experiment, a metronome was identified as a ____________ which was developed into a ____________ through the conditioning process.
Neutral stimulus ; Conditioned stimulus
The central concept to Operant learning is that __________ increases or decreases behavior.
A reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement after a certain time has elapsed is known as what?
A reinforcer, such as food, that is naturally reinforcing is known as a __________ reinforcer, whereas a reinforcer such as a good grade is known as a _________ reinforcer.
Primary; Secondary
Preferring A&W Root beer over Barqs because your Dad used to drink it while you were growing up is an example of what?
Mere Exposure Effect
In order for classical conditioning to work, the trainer relies on the association of which two conditioning elements?
Unconditioned Stimulus and the Conditioned Stimulus
Encouraging the response of a desired action with reinforcement when the action is similar but *not quite* what you ultimately want the action to be is called what?
Shaping
A reinforcement schedule that is given after an unpredictable number of responses is known as what?
Variable Ratio Schedule
Biological Constraint
The linking of two events that happened right after each other in time is known as what?
Associative Learning
When the unconditioned stimulus is removed and only the conditioned stimulus is exerted, behavioral learning will continue for a given period of time, but will eventually go away in a process called what?
The goal of _______________ is to increase behavior whereas the goal of ____________ is to eliminate behavior.
reinforcement ; punishment
Reacquisition of a conditioned behavior after a period of extinction is known as what?
Spontaneous Recovery
Reduced emotional arousal and distress when seeing repeated acts of violence is a condition known as?
Psychic Numbing
Psychologists who study learning are a primary element of the school of psychology started by John Watson called what?
Behaviorists
Being able to differentiate between two stimuli which are similar but not identical is called what?
Stimulus discrimination
A teacher who cancels a homework assignment because the class worked so hard on their projects is an example of what kind of reinforcer?
Negative Reinforcement
A reinforcement schedule where some, but not all, correct responses are given reinforcement is called what?
Intermittent reinforcement
Learning by thought and evaluation, thinking and observation of others actions and ideas, is collectively known as what?
Cognitive Learning