Cocaine and Amphetamines - pt. 1
Who wrote Uber Coca?
Sigmund Freud
Name two symptoms of stimulant psychosis
Paranoid delusions
Compulsive behavior
Hallucinations
Formication
Where is nicotine most readily absorbed?
lungs
When did cigarette smoking rates peak in the US?
1963
When did coca become cocaine as a result of being extracted from coca leaves?
1850s
Define formication syndrome
Itching sensation; feeling like there are bugs under the skin
How long are the half lives for cocaine, amphetamines, and synthetic cathinone?
The Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, which required warning labels to be placed on cigarette packages, was passed in what year?
1965
What is the distribution half-life of nicotine?
10-20 minutes
What form of nicotine product have we seen increase in the last decade?
E-cigarettes (nicotine vaping)
According to the Anit-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988, how many grams of powder cocaine and crack cocaine were required to trigger the minimum sentencing of 5 years?
500g powder cocaine
5g crack cocaine
List three general dependence symptoms for chronic users of cocaine or amphetamines
Depression, anxiety, anhedonia, changes in appetite, sleeping disturbances, and cravings
What neurotransmitter is primarily impacted by nicotine?
Acetylcholine
What age group currently has the highest rate of cigarette use?
18-25 year olds
The depressive "crash" that follows heavy use of cocaine is thought to be related to what factor?
Dopamine depletion
What did the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2006 do?
Made pseudoephedrine an over-the-counter substance
Define acute tolerance
When users don’t get the same level of high after the first hit within the same day, even when using more. This usually dissipates after 24 hours.
Name a scenario in which a person would be exposed to third hand smoke
Example: hugging a person after they smoked a cigarette
What substance facilitates many disease processes associated with smoking because of its advantage over oxygen in binding to hemoglobin?
Which is one physiological effect of cocaine?
Increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, body temperature, pupil dilation, anorectic effect
Blood flow to internal organs and extremities is decreased
Blood flow to brain and large muscle groups increases
How is cocaine still used medically today (either on its own or its derivatives)
Cocaine hydrochloride - numbing for eye surgery
Lidocaine (Xylocaine)- muscle numbing/pain relief
Procaine - used in dental procedures for numbing
Explain the cycle of effects of cocaine and amphetamines. How does this differ with acute and chronic use
Generally - initial euphoric feeling, followed by "crash"
Chronic use - depletion of monoamines - Because reuptake is blocked, enzymes are going to break down the NTs left in the synapse. "Cocaine blues" can last weeks to months during abstinence
Who isolated nicotine from tobacco? What was the impact?
W. H. Posselt and L. A. Reinmann
decline in medical use
List and explain the benefits of one type of nicotine replacement therapy and one non-nicotine focused therapy
NRT - gum, patch, lozenges, nasal spray, inhaler - continue administering nicotine to help people wean off
Non-nicotine - Bupropion (Wellbutrin) - increased availability of dopamine in the brain and decreases cravings; Varenicline (Chantix) - binds to nicotine receptors, makes smoking not enjoyable, helps with cravings
What does dispositional tolerance mean in regard to nicotine?
Smokers metabolize nicotine faster than nonsmokers - Means smokers must smoke more often to maintain effects