Protein
Protein is made by the bonding of ..... (starts with A)
Animo acids
What is marasmus
protein energy malnutrition that occurs primarily in developing nations, primarily in children where they are not having enough calories, protein, micronutrients
Describe the chemical structure of a triglyceride
Glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acids
What is the leading cause of death in USA that is preventable
HEART DISEASE
What nutrient MUST vegans supplement (this nutrient is only found in animal foods)
B12
What is a complementary protein and example
2 foods that on their own are low in a different essential animo acid, but together provide enough animo acids. example rice and beans
What is kwashiorkor?
Kwashiorkor is a severe form of malnutrition. It's most common in some developing regions where babies and children do not get enough protein or other essential nutrients in their diet. The main sign of kwashiorkor is too much fluid in the body's tissues, which causes swelling under the skin
What is a saturated fat, give an example
It is a fatty acid where every carbon is single bonded and is bonded to 2 hydrogens
butter, lard, animal fat, coconut oil
What is a modifiable risk factor for heart disease?
Total blood cholesterol levels over 200 mg/dl with L D L levels above 160 mg/dl
Blood triglyceride levels over 150 mg/dl
Hypertension
Smoking
Physical inactivity
Obesity
Diabetes
Liver and kidney disease
Low thyroid levels
What do you call someone who eats no meat, seafood, but eats eggs and dairy
Lacto-ovo vegetarian
What is the function of protein
Body structures; forms hormones, enzymes, and neurotransmitters; antibodies; ion balance; fluid balance; transports nutritents around the body (think hemoglobin); creates glucose through Gluconeogenesis; when carb intake low is used as energy
What are the characteristics of kwashiorkor?
Pot belly
Edema
Mild to moderate weight loss
Growth impairment
Development of fatty liver
Apathy
Listlessness
Infections
What is a monounsaturated fat? Give example
a fatty acid w 1 double bond
olive oil
Total Cholesterol - below 200
LDL - below 100
HDL above 60
Triglycerides less the 100
What are the top 8 allergens
Peanuts, tree nuts, soy, wheat
eggs, dairy, fish, shellfish
What is nitrogen balance (describe the 3 states and when they would occur)
Positive nitrogen balance - growth and pregnancy, protein intake is high then the need
Negative nitrogen balance - illness, burns, disease
protein intake is less than need
Nitrogen equilibrium - maintenance, protein intake and loss are equal
What is the danger associated with high protein diets?
strain on kidneys, an lead to dehydration
Diets high in protein are typically high in animal proteins leading to high intakes of cholesterol and saturated foods, coupled with lower intakes of fiber
What is a phospholipid
Structure is similar to triglycerides except:
1 fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate compound
This allows phospholipid to function in watery solution
Phosphate head is hydrophilic; fatty acid tail is hydrophobic
When placed in water, phosphate head will face water and fatty acid tail will extend away from water
ACTS AS AN EMULSIFIER - suspends fat in water (like soap)
What is Atherosclerosis and what can happen if its not taken care of?
Plaque (cholesterol) build up on the arteries,
Can create blockages and lead to stroke or heart attack
What is the correct term for when an allergen food touches a non allergen food
cross contact
What does denaturing mean, what are some examples of denaturing
denaturing alters the 3d shape and breaks the function of the protein
cooking, pounding, adding acid/base solutions, agitation
Where/When do we see protein malnutrition in the United States?
Elderly are at risk due to high cost of meds/inflation and being on fixed income, issues with mobility, memory, after hospitalization.
PEM in children is not as common in the US, but can occur.
What is the function of fats (triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols)?
what are the two types of fat (where it accumulates on the body)
Triglycerides: Energy, cushions organs, vitamin absorption and transportation, omega 3's dilate blood vessels and decrease blood pressure
Phospholipids- cell membranes
Sterols - uses cholesterol to make certain hormones
Visceral fat - on organs
Subcutaneous fat- below the skin typically on hips/thighs
Quit smoking, increase your intake of plant based proteins, increase fiber intake, moderate alcohol intake
What is an example of plant based proteins?
Tofu/soy, tempeh, beans, quinoa, nuts/seeds, setain