What is energy?
The ability to do work
What is heat?
The transfer of thermal energy
What does thermodynamics study?
The scientific study of the interconversion of heat and other kinds of energy
What is a state function?
A property that depends only on the state, not how it was researched
What does a negative value for work imply about the process?
Work done by the system on the surrounding
What are the two main forms of energy?
Kinetic and potential energy
What is temperature a measure of?
Thermal energy
What is a system in thermodynamics?
The part of the universe being studied
Name a common state function:
Temperature, pressure, volume, internal energy
What does a positive value for heat imply about the process?
Heat absorbed by the system from the surroundings (endothermic)
Which type of energy is related to motion?
Kinetic energy
What is an endothermic process?
Any process in which heat has to be supplied to the system from the surrounding.
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy can be converted from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed
Is heat a state function?
No
What does a negative value for heat imply about the process?
heat absorbed by the surroundings from the system (exothermic)
Why is chemical energy considered potential energy?
Because it is stored in chemical bonds and released during reactions
What unit is used to measure heat?
Joules (J)
What is an open system?
Exchanges matter and energy with surroundings
Why is energy a state function?
Because it depends only on the current condition of the system
What is the formula for work in gas systems?
W = -P∆V
What are two ways energy can be transferred?
As heat and work
How are heat and temperature different?
Heat is total energy; temperature is average energy
What is a closed system?
Exchanges energy but not matter
What type of function is work?
Path-dependent function
How does the direction of heat and work affect the internal energy change of a system?
If heat is absorbed or work is done on the system, internal energy increases; the reverse causes a decrease.