European Expansion and Trade
This island nation became a leading European naval power in the 16th century and sought to control the spice trade in the Indian Ocean.
Portugal
Unlike many other forms of slavery, this characteristic of the Atlantic slave trade distinguished it from other historical systems of servitude.
The racial basis of slavery
This period of cooler global temperatures in the 16th and 17th centuries caused an increased demand for furs, driving the fur trade.
The Little Ice Age
This European power sought to bypass traditional land-based trade routes controlled by the Ottomans to access Asian goods by sea.
Portugal
European colonization in the Americas led to the near extinction of this species of animal, which was heavily hunted for its fur during the fur trade.
Beaver
This Italian city-state played a critical role in connecting Europe with the Middle East and Asia during the medieval and Renaissance periods.
Venice
In this region, a significant number of slaves were captured through warfare or raids, often by local rulers who traded them to European merchants.
West Africa
The establishment of fur trading posts in North America by this European country in the early modern period laid the foundation for its colonial presence.
France
This colonial power established trading posts in India, eventually exerting control over much of the subcontinent in the 18th century.
Great Britain
The introduction of this animal by Europeans to the Americas had profound effects on native agriculture, transportation, and warfare.
Horse
This European company, established in the early 1600s, dominated the spice trade and became a major economic power in the East Indies.
Dutch East India Company
This event in the 1700s saw the forced movement of millions of Africans across the Atlantic to work primarily in the Americas.
The Transatlantic Slave Trade
European exploration of the Americas was fueled in part by the search for this precious metal, which they sought to extract in large quantities from Spanish colonies.
Silver
In the 16th century, this city in India became a major port under Portuguese control, serving as a key link in the spice trade.
Goa
The fur trade in North America led to significant ecological changes, particularly the depletion of these animal populations.
Fur-bearing animals, such as beavers
During the Age of Exploration, European nations looked to bypass these two major powers to access the trade routes to Asia directly.
The Venetians and Ottomans
____ led to cultural changes and the spread of African traditions throughout the Americas, contributing to a distinct cultural blend.
The African diaspora
Known as "soft gold," this commodity was crucial for the fur trade in North America and drove significant economic activity in Europe.
Furs
The Dutch East India Company used this strategy to secure its dominance over the spice trade in Southeast Asia.
Establishing trade monopolies and military presence
The spread of European diseases, introduced through contact in the fur trade, had this devastating effect on indigenous populations.
A dramatic population decline due to disease
This Southeast Asian island nation became an important Spanish colony after its annexation in the 16th century, serving as a key link between the Americas and Asia.
The Philippines
Unlike many other slavery systems, in the Islamic world, some slaves could rise to positions of military and political power, as seen in the use of this elite class.
Mamluks
This river system played a key role in the transport of fur and goods between North American colonies and European markets.
The Mississippi River
The Portuguese developed this port in China to control access to Chinese goods, including silk and porcelain, in the 16th century.
Macao
As European settlers moved westward in North America, the fur trade contributed to this type of conflict between indigenous groups.
Intertribal warfare over control of fur trade routes