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Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Other Types of Learning
Key People
Key Terms
100
These are irrational fears of specific objects or situations
phobia
100
B. F. Skinner used this contraption in his research of animal learning
A Skinner box
100
Observational learning is also known as _______
modeling
100
Edward Thorndike was one of the first people to research this kind of learning
Operant Conditioning
100
learning by observing others
Observational Learning
200
this is another term for Classical Conditioning, named for the man who discovered it
Pavlovian Conditioning
200
This is the addition of something pleasant
Positive reinforcement
200
What is latent learning?
Learning that becomes obvious only once a reinforcement is given for demonstrating it
200
This man did revolutionary experiments with dogs which give us the first record of studies on Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
200
The original stimulus that elicits a response
The unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
300
Melanie is driving to work on a rainy highway when she notices that the brake lights in the cars ahead have come on. She hits her brakes but her car glides into a four-car pileup. She’s badly shaken up in the accident. A month later, she’s driving in the rain again and notices that she tenses up every time she sees brake lights come in front of her. What is the conditioned response (CR)?
Melanie’s tensing up
300
If a rat in a Skinner box can terminate a loud noise or shock in response to the press of the lever, this type of learning is _______
escape learning
300
What are the two components of observational learning?
observation & imitation
300
This man coined the term "Operant conditioning"
B. F. Skinner
300
A phenomenon in which, after a conditioned response has been extinguished and no further training of the animals has taken place, the response briefly reappears upon presentation of the CS
spontaneous recovery
400
When Little Albert was conditioned to fear the mouse, he began to fear other white furry things. That phenomenon is called ______
stimulus generalization
400
What kind of a reinforcer is money?
a generalized reinforcer
400
When one skips over a problem in a test only to realize the answer later, this type of learning is called ______
insight learning
400
This law states that if the consequences of a behavior are pleasant, the stimulus-response connection will be strengthened. If the consequences of a behavior are unpleasant, the SR connection will be weakened.
the law of effect
500
In the case of Pavlov's dogs, acquisition will occur fastest if the bell is rung and, while it is still ringing, the dogs are presented with food. This procedure is known as
delayed conditioning
500
How does a token economy work?
In a token economy, every time people perform a desired behavior, they are given a token. Periodically, they are allowed to trade their tokens for one of a variety of reinforcers.
500
Describe Edward Tolman's experiment with rats.
One group got a reward each time it completed the maze, and the performance of these rats improved steadily. One group never got a reward, so the performance of these rats improved only slightly. The third group was not rewarded for the first half, but rewarded for the second half. The third group's performance dramatically improved in the second half.
500
What learning did Wolfgang Köhler study?
Insight Learning
500
What is chaining?
performing a number of responses successively to get a reward