Pages 152-153
True/False Ernest Hilgard noted that "purely cognitive theories of learning are very effective"
False. "purely cognitive theories of learning will be rejected unless a role is assigned to affectivity""
True/False Self-esteem is probably the most pervasive aspect of human behavior.
True
True/False A person with a high level of self efficacy typically attributes failure to "bad luck"
False
True/False State anxiety is a more permanent predisposition to be anxious.
False. Trait anxiety is more permanent. State anxiety is associated with a particular event.
True/False Those who learn for their own self-perceived needs and goals are intrinsically motivated.
True.
In addition those who pursue a goal only to receive an external reward from someone are extrinisically motivated.
What is the affective domain?
The affective domain is the emotional side of human behavior.
Define self esteem.
Self esteem is a personal judgment of worthiness that is expressed in the attitudes that individuals hold toward themselves.
What do these psychological theories say is essential for learners in order to achieve success at a set of tasks.
Learners must "believe in themselves" in order to succeed.
What did most of the studies conclude about foreign language anxiety?
They concluded that foreign language anxiety can be distinguished from other types of anxiety and that it can have a negative effect on the language learning process.
What are the two attitudes (orientations) towards motivation. Describe them.
instrumental - attaining instrumental goals - furthering a career, reading technical material
integrative - is for those who wish to integrate into the culture of the second language group and become involved in social interchange in that group.
The first level of developing affectivity begins with receiving. What is receiving?
People must be aware of the environment surrounding them and be conscious of situations, phenomena, people, objects. They must be willing to receive and tolerate a stimulus, not to avoid it.
What are the three levels of self esteem?
global self-esteem
situational or specific self-esteem
task self-esteem
Willingness to communicate is an important factor in learning a second language. Define WTC
WTC is an underlying continuum representing the predisposition toward or away form communicating, given the choice.
If anxieties are debilitative, what is one thing that alleviates anxiety? Define it.
Empathy and extroversion/introversion. Empathy is the process of putting yourself into someone else's shoes of reaching beyond the self to understand what another person is feeling.
What has research found about extrinsic vs intrinsic motivation? Which is more effective. What did an experiment where two matched groups of junior high school girls were asked to teach a simple game to kindergartens show?
Brown strongly favors intrinsic motivation, especially for long-term retention.
The group that had no extrinsic reward did a better job of teaching the game and reported greater satisfaction,
What is the fourth level of affectivity? Describe it.
The fourth level of affectivity is the organization of values into a system of beliefs. At this level, one determines interrelationships among them and establishes a hierarchy of values with the system.
Describe situational self-esteem compared to task self-esteem.
Situational self-esteem is one's self-appraisal in particular life situations, such as social interaction, work, education, or on certain defined traits such as intelligence, communicative ability or personality traits.
Task self-esteem relates to particular tasks within specific situations. For example - skill in a sport, with respect to 2nd language acquisition - skill in speaking, writing
One of the key contributors to building WTC as reported by MacIntyre is social support. How can this be supported in the classroom when teaching languages.
Current language teaching methodology strongly supports communicative techniques like group and pair work and related interactive activities, all of which can potentially provide social support.
Explain how extroverts and introverts enhance their ego? Is it definitive that extroversion or introversion helps or hinders the process of second language acquisition.
Extroverts receive ego enhancement from other people. Introverts receive ego enhancement from within.
It is not clear whether it hinders or helps the process of second language acquisition.
Dornyei and Csizer in a survey of Hungarian teachers of English proposed a taxonomy of factors by which teachers could motivate their learners. What are the 4 factors they cited?
developing a relationship with learners, building learners' self-confidence and autonomy, personalizing the learning process, and increasing learners' goal orientation.
Defend the application of Bloom's taxonomy to second language learning.
Language is inextricably woven into the fabric of virtually every aspect of human behavior. Language is so pervasive a phenomenon in our humanity that it cannot be separated from the larger whole. It cannot be subdivided into neat parts with language in a behavioral compartment insulated in character, content, and organization from other behavior.
Attribution theory focuses on how people explain the causes of their own success and failures. There are four explanations for this. What are they? Give an example for two of them
They are: ability, effort, perceived difficulty of a task and luck.
Example: failing a test - ability "I'm not good at math"
effort - I didn't have time to study
Risk taking is an important factor to successful in language learning. Students need to be willing to try out hunches about the language and take the risk of being wrong. What kind of environment is important in your classroom to create a "risk free" environment?
One has to create a climate of acceptance that will stimulate self-confidence, and encourage participants to experiment and to the discover the target language allowing themselves to take risks without feeling embarrassed.
What are the three theories of motivation? Describe them.
Behavioral - anticipation of a reward.
Cognitive - places much more emphasis on the individual's decision, the choices people make as to what experiences or goals they will approach or avoid.
Constructivist - places even further emphasis on social contest as well as individual personal choices
The author had 10 suggestions for creating intrinsically motivating classroom activities. Name 3 of the suggestions.
see pg 181.