BASICS
1) Consciousness is a state of awareness (Knowing or being aware of ongoing experiences occurring both internally & externally)
2) Self awareness is the special understanding of the self as distinct from other stimuli (focus on ourselves as individuals)
What are the advantages of Rhythms?
Save energy
Increase complexity (unpredictability) of systems
Provide time to replenish the process.
Heart rate slows
What is the REM rebound effect?
What is Sleep paralysis?
- If you are sleep deprived, your body will go into REM cycle earlier (When allowed to sleep normally, they spend an unusually large amount of their sleep time in REM sleep)
- You are conscious, but your body is in a paralyzed state because your brain is still in “dream mode”
What are the different classifications of drugs? Define what they do.
Antipsychotics- reduces symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, and psychotic symptoms
Stimulants- increase synaptic transmission & firing of neurons (Any drug that increases the activity of the nervous system)
Depressants- slow the system (synaptic transmissions)
Hallucinogens- More action in the sensory cortex (A drug that stimulates the experience of false perceptions)
Would dreaming be considered ultradiant?
Yes
What is the DMN? What does it do?
- Default Mode Network
- A specific, anatomically defined brain system preferentially active when individuals are left to think to themselves undisturbed
- Maintains a high level of unconscious background activity as it helps to prepare the brain for conscious thought
What is the difference between sleep & waking?
Sleep = A normal state of consciousness characterized by reduced awareness of external stimuli
Waking = A normal state of consciousness characterized by alertness and awareness of external stimuli
What were Freud's thoughts on dreams?
What is dreaming?
Book= The Interpretation of Dreams
- The unconscious mind expressed itself symbolically through our dreams
- A mental state that usually occurs during sleep that features visual imagery
What is the difference between tolerance & withdrawal?
Tolerance: More is needed with frequent use (The need to administer greater quantities of a drug to achieve the same subjective effect)
Withdrawal: What happens when the drug is completely out of the system (A physical response to the removal of some habitually administered drugs) ( A set of effects that are opposite of those produced by the drug)
Are Sleepwalking and sleep talking REM sleep?
Are Night terrors non-REM sleep?
- No
- Yes
What is an example from lectures that is self awareness?
When a monkey or elephant looks at their reflection and notices the red dot on their head = has self awareness
EEG- Electroencephalogram: Helps us to describe varying states of awareness through recordings that provide a general measure of overall brain activity
1) Beta waves: 15-30 cycles, usually indicates alert waking
2) Alpha waves: 9-12 cycles, usually indicates relaxed waking
3) Gamma waves: 30+ cycles, indicates attention to sensory input
What are nightmares, sleep terrors, lucid dreaming?
Nightmare =When the content of REM dream is especially upsetting
Sleep terrors= A sleep disorder occurring in NON REM sleep in which the sleeper wakes suddenly in great distress but without experiencing the imagery of a nightmare
Lucid dreaming = A conscious awareness of the ability to control the content of the dream in REM sleep
What is Duke Ellington an example of?
An example of alcohol addiction because he would pour alcohol in to his stomach after a tracheotomy
What is the difference between Hypnagogic & Hypnotic?
Hypnagogic = Falling asleep
Hypnotic = Waking up
What is the difference between State of Awareness and Content of Awareness?
State of Awareness= The level of conscious awareness of internal states or surroundings that can be high or low and realistic or distorted
Content of Awareness= The ongoing catalog of internal and external stimuli that are the focus of current attention
What is Major Depressive Disorder with seasonal pattern (aka seasonal affective disorder)? What are some treatments?
- Treatment = exposure to bright light, melatonin supplements, or anti depressant medications
What are Carl Jungs thoughts? Entropy?
Collective unconsciousness- Species memory, humanity has experienced
Personal unconsciousness- Memories you experience
Entropy- energy flows from most to least intensively energized ideas
You can easily dream that symbol because…. it apart of the collective conscious
Where would you put a vegetative state on the conscious awareness graph?
He said it might fall somewhere in the middle for cognitive traffic as you can sometimes remember what happens when your in the state
What is Deja Vu? Narcolepsy? Cataplexy? Sleep Apnea?
DV: Seeing something you saw in a dream in real life, may be a memory in your head that showed up in your sleep and you do not recognize
N: (random sleep) Sleep disorder in which the intrusion of REM phenomena into waking "sleep attacks"
C: Occurs when the muscle paralysis is normally associated with REM during wakefulness without loss of consciousness (feel paralyzed coming out of sleep)
SA: Sleep disorder in which the person stops breathing while sleeping
What are the different rhythms and what do they do? What are some examples?
Circadian = about the day
Ex: sleep cycle
Infradian = repeated in a period greater than a day
Ex: cycles that occur across a month or seasons Ex: menstrual cycle
Ultradian = repeated in a period shorter than/within a day
Sinus arrhythmia - your heart goes through a rhythmic cycle; it does not beat the same every single time
What is REM sleep vs NREM sleep?
Does age affect REM sleep?
REM SLEEP: Rapid Eye Movement: Characterized by waveforms resembling waking, accompanied by rapid motion of the eyes, muscular paralysis, and sympathetic nervous system activation
NREM SLEEP:Non Rapid eye movement: Characterized by theta and delta wave activity, deep physical relaxation
- Yes: REM sleep declines with age - drops off in mid-20s
What is Hypnosis? What do Hypnosis & Meditation have in common?
- An altered state of consciousness characterized by relaxation and increased suggestibility
- Attention and mental traffic, relaxation, hyper-suggestibility
Both hypnosis and meditation deal with people trying to practice on how to control their mental states (so it serves as a common denominator)
Classical conditioning vs Operant conditioning?
OC: Action leads to reward which makes subject want to do it again
CC: Conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex
What is Insomnia & the different types of insomnia?
Insomnia= a sleep disorder characterized by an inability to either initiate or maintain normal sleep
Onset Insomnia- A person lies in bed for what seems to be a long period but is unable to go to sleep
Maintenance insomnia- Occurs when sleep is frequently interrupted or early waking occurs