VOCAB
This 1794 uprising of Pennsylvania farmers tested the new federal government’s ability to enforce its laws when citizens violently resisted a tax on distilled spirits.
Whiskey Rebellion
This set of economic policies proposed by the Secretary of the Treasury called for assuming state debts, creating a national bank, and funding the nation through tariffs and excise taxes.
Hamilton's Financial Program
This vice president under Jefferson became infamous after killing Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804.
Aaron Burr
Passed in 1798, this controversial set of laws allowed the president to deport non-citizens and made criticizing the government a crime.
These two early parties, one led by Hamilton favoring strong federal power, the other by Jefferson promoting agrarian democracy, dominated American politics in the 1790s.
Federalists and Republicans
These explorers led the 1804–1806 Corps of Discovery expedition to map the Louisiana Territory and reach the Pacific, gathering valuable scientific and geographic information along the way.
Lewis and Clark
This 1803 Supreme Court case established the principle of judicial review, giving the Court the power to strike down unconstitutional laws.
Marbury vs. Madison
This idea promoted by the U.S. president held that the nation’s strength depended on independent, land-owning farmers rather than urban industry or banking.
Jefferson's Agrarian Vision
This Founding Father and U.S. president, a Federalist, is known for avoiding war with France during the XYZ Affair and signing the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts.
John Adams
This Jefferson-era law halted all American trade with foreign nations in an attempt to avoid war, but instead devastated the U.S. economy.
Embargo Act of 1807
In this 1797 diplomatic scandal, French agents demanded bribes from American negotiators, leading to public outrage and an undeclared naval conflict known as the Quasi-War.
XYZ Affair
This “Father of the Constitution” and U.S. president led the nation during the War of 1812 and helped shape the Bill of Rights.
James Madison
This Shawnee leader worked to form a Native American confederacy to resist U.S. expansion before his death in the War of 1812.
Tecumesh
Signed in 1814, this agreement ended a major conflict without addressing the issues that had originally sparked it in 1812.
Treaty of Ghent
As the longest-serving Chief Justice, this Federalist strengthened the Supreme Court’s power, including in Marbury v. Madison.
John Marshall