Forming Memories
For which state of long-term memory formation is sleep vital?
Consolidation
The tendency to preferentially recall items at the beginning of a list is known as the ________.
primary effect
In the context of brain functions, ________ is defined as the strengthening of a synaptic connection that results when a synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron.
long-term potential
In the context of memory distortion, ________ occurs when information learned after the original event (crime) is wrong or misleading but gets incorporated into the memory as true.
the misinformation effect
________ can be defined as the inability to retrieve some information that once was stored—say, a person's name or an old phone number.
Blocking
________ processing occurs when one carefully attends to and consciously works at remembering information.
Effortful
In Alan Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the ________ decides where to focus attention and selectively hone in on specific aspects of a stimulus.
central executive
Which of the following is a protein that switches on the genes responsible for the development of new synapses?
CREB
False memories of an earlier event can be induced by later exposure to false or ______ information.
Bias
________ occurs when other information competes with the information we are trying to recall
Interference
In the levels-of-processing model of memory and recall, which is the shallowest level of processing?
Structural
Which of the following is the first process in researcher Alan Baddeley's model of working memory?
Focusing and switching attention
The ________ is crucial for assigning emotional significance to particular events.
amygdala
Attempting to focus on several things at once is called __________.
divided
________ interference occurs when new experiences or information causes people to forget previously learned experiences or information.
Retroactive
The first step of forming memories involves ________.
encoding one's sensory experiences
According to Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the ________ is a temporary store for information that will become long-term memories of specific events.
episodic buffer
Which of the following senses lacks its own processing regions?
Taste
Reconsolidation alters the _______ of the memory.
details
________ is a form of forgetfulness that involves attention as well as memory.
Absent-mindedness
In the context of forming memories, a(n) ________ is defined as a detailed snapshot memory of what we were doing when we first heard of a major, public, and emotionally charged event.
flashbulb memory
In the context of long-term memory, ________ is defined as a kind of memory made up of implicit knowledge for almost any behavior or physical skill we have learned.
procedural memory
The repeated firing of neural impulses necessary to convert a short-term memory into a long-term one occurs mostly in the ________.
hippocampus
Once consolidated, memories become _____ when retrieved, and must be reconsolidated.
vulnerable
Memory loss caused by brain injury or disease is known as ________.
amnesia