8.1-8.2
Memory for specific experiences from our life
autobiographical memory
the process that strengthens memory for an experience and takes place over minutes or hours after the experience.
consolidation:
Misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how the person describes that event later.
Misinformation Effect
testimony by someone who has witnessed a crime.
Eyewitness Testimony:
a memory that involves a sentimental affection for the past may elicit a feeling called
Nostalgia
Memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person’s self-image or life identity is being formed
Self-image Hypothesis
Memory for the circumstances that surround hearing about shocking, highly charged events. It has been claimed that such memories are particularly vivid and accurate.
Flashbulb memory
The misleading information that causes the misinformation effect.
Misleading postevent information
The tendency for eyewitnesses to a crime to focus attention on a weapon, which causes poorer memory for other things that are happening.
Weapon Focus
Music can evoke vivid memories known as
autobiographical memories
The tendency for the most notable life events in a person’s life to be perceived to occur when the person is young.
Youth Bias
A subcortical structure that is involved in processing emotional aspects of experience, including memory for emotional events.
The Amygdala
memories that have been pushed out of the person’s consciousness.
Repressed Childhood Memory:
Innocent bystanders can sometimes be mistakenly identified as the perpetrator due to some degree of familiarity
Misidentifications Due to Familiarity
music-enhanced autobiographical memories are
Involuntary and automatic
Periods of rapid change that are followed by stability cause stronger encoding of memories.
Cognitive Hypothesis
Recall that is tested immediately after an event and then retested at various times after the event to check for consistency.
Repeated Recall:
Memory is influenced by
suggestion
An increase in confidence of memory recall due to confirming feedback after making an identification
Post-identification feedback:
How taste and olfaction unlock memories he hadn’t thought of for years
Proust Effect
The empirical finding that people over 40 years old have enhanced memory for events from adolescence and early adulthood, compared to other periods of their lives.
Reminiscence Bump
Misidentifying the source of a memory
Source Monitoring Errors:
Repressed memories can cause psychological problems and need to be ( ) in order to be treated
retrieved
Consider the following situation:
A witness to a crime is looking through a one-way window at a lineup of six men standing on a stage. The police officer says, “Which one of these men did it?”
What is wrong with this question?
The officers question implies that the man who committed the crime is on the stage. This increases the probability of the witness picking one of the men due to one looking similar
Music-Elicited Autobiographical Memory has been shown to help patients suffering from
Alzheimer's