Caffeine
Estimates are that what percentage of the world’s population regularly consumes products containing caffeine?
90%
A heroin overdose can be treated with what substance?
Naloxone (Narcan)
List a visible sign of opiate use
Constriction of pupils, muscle relaxation (folding over), extreme drowsiness (falling asleep standing)
How many Americans have died from opiate overdose and dependency?
Which popular soft drink contains the highest concentration of caffeine?
Mountain Dew
What neurotransmitter do opiates act on?
Endorphins
What drug was designed for treatment of severe pain and involves a time-release of high doses of painkiller?
OxyContin
How does nicotine smoking impact caffeine?
Caffeine is excreted from the body 50% faster in smokers
Which country has the highest average daily caffeine consumption? How much do they consume?
Netherlands - 414mg
What are the three primary uses for opiates medically?
Pain management, ant-diarrhea, cough suppressant
What effect of opiates typically leads to death among users?
Respiratory failure/respiratory depression
What was the first major legislation controlling opiate drugs in the United States?
Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914
What are the most commonly reported withdrawal symptoms of caffeine?
Headache and fatigue
What is the substance called that is a combination of buprenorphine and naloxone and is used in treatment of opiate addiction?
Suboxone
What was the primary factor that lead to the increase in prescription opioid use in the late 1990s?
Change in philosophy of pain treatment - Belief that pain patients were unlikely to become dependent
List two diseases that caffeine (particularly in coffee or tea) is thought to be preventable for
Liver disease
Parkinson’s disease
Alzheimer’s and dementia
Heart irregularities, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes
Depression
What is the most accepted theory for how caffeine use produces its effects?
Antagonism of adenosine receptors
Describe opiate withdrawal in the first 12-24 hours
Flu-like symptoms; Runny nose, tearing, sweating, irritability, tremor
Explain how opiates and partial opiate agonists are used to treat individuals with opiate addiction
Methadone - low does opiate, helps avoid withdrawal
Buprenorphine - helps avoid withdrawal, lower misuse liability than methadone
Suboxone - combo of buprenorphine and naloxone, helps avoid withdrawal, naloxone inactivate when used properly
Excessive caffeine intake leading to anxiety, irritability, insomnia, rapid heart rate, rapid breathing, gastrointestinal disturbances, and tremors
600mg a day