Quantitative Basics
Describes the organization and integration of numerical data using mathematical rules.
What is quantitative (statistical) analysis?
The average amount that scores vary from the mean.
What is standard deviation?
The shape where mean, median, and mode are equal.
What is a normal distribution?
True or False: Correlation implies causation.
What is false?
Statistics used to infer population characteristics from a sample.
What are inferential statistics?
This type of statistics summarizes numerical data.
What are descriptive statistics?
The difference between the highest and lowest score.
What is the range?
In a normal distribution, ___% of data fall within ±1 SD.
What is 68%?
A visual representation used to show relationships between variables.
What is a scatterplot?
Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true.
What is a Type I error?
This analysis combines results of multiple studies using effect size.
What is meta-analysis?
The middle score of a data set.
What is the median?
A distribution with a long tail to the right.
What is a positively skewed distribution?
The range of possible correlation values.
What is –1.00 to +1.00?
A test used when no directional hypothesis is specified.
What is a two-tailed test?
An analysis used to study relationships among three or more dependent variables.
What are multivariate statistics?
The most frequently occurring value in a dataset.
What is the mode?
A standardized score that represents distance from the mean.
What is a z-score?
A statistic used to measure the direction and strength of a relationship.
What is a correlation coefficient?
Statistics used when assumptions of normality cannot be met.
What are nonparametric statistics?
This type of analysis focuses on organizing numerical data using systematic mathematical rules to summarize data, assess reliability and validity, determine relationships, and make generalizations.
What is quantitative (statistical) analysis?
This measure of variability equals zero when all scores in a dataset are identical and increases as scores become more dispersed from the mean.
What is standard deviation?
In this type of distribution, approximately 68% of scores fall within one standard deviation above and below the mean, and the mean, median, and mode are equal.
What is a normal (bell‑shaped) distribution?
This value indicates both the strength and direction of the relationship between two quantitative variables and ranges from –1.00 to +1.00, but does not imply cause‑and‑effect.
What is a correlation coefficient?
This occurs when a researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis even though real differences actually exist, often related to limited power or small sample size.
What is a Type II error?