Matter Basics
Name the four phases in which matter can exist.
Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
What are the characteristics of solids regarding shape and volume?
Solids have a definite shape and definite volume.
What are Boyle's Law and Charles's Law together called?
The gas laws.
What is melting, and when/how does it occur?
Melting is the change of a solid into a liquid and occurs when a substance absorbs heat.
What is pressure?
The amount of force applied per unit of area.
True or false: ALL objects are made of matter.
True
Differentiate between crystalline and amorphous solids. Provide examples of each.
Crystalline solids are solids made up of crystals with particles arranged in a regular, repeating pattern. Example: glass.
Amorphous solids are not arranged in a pattern, like wax.
What is the theoretical lowest possible temperature of matter called?
Absolute zero.
What is the temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid?
Melting point.
According to Boyle's Law, does the volume of a fixed amount of gas vary with pressure directly or inversely
**directly: increase in 1 also means increase in other
Inversely: increase in 1 means decrease in other
inversely
What two properties define matter?
Anything that has mass and volume.
Describe the behavior of particles in liquids. Use in your description the term viscosity.
Particles in liquids have no definite shape but have a definite volume. Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow.
What does Charles's Law describe about the volume of a gas?
The volume of a fixed amount of gas varies directly with the temperature of the gas.
As temperature increases, volume increases
What is freezing, and when/how does it occur?
Freezing is the change of a liquid into a solid and occurs when a substance loses heat energy.
What is the term for the change of state of a gas to a solid without going through the liquid state?
Deposition.
Define physical properties and give an example
Physical properties are characteristics of a substance that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. Example: mass, volume, density, color, density, hardness, and melting and boiling points
Explain the concept of surface tension in liquids.
Surface tension is uneven forces acting on the particles of the surface of a liquid. The stronger the attractive forces, the greater the surface tension
DOUBLE JEOPARDY X2 POINTS
How is Boyle's law different from Charles's law?
What is vaporization, and when/how does it occur?
Vaporization is the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas, and it occurs when particles absorb thermal energy.
How does boiling change the particles of a liquid?
Boiling is the process by which a liquid changes into a gas, and it involves a significant increase in temperature. During boiling, the particles of a liquid undergo several changes:
Increased Kinetic Energy: As heat is applied to a liquid, the temperature rises, and the average kinetic energy of the particles increases. The heat energy is absorbed by the particles, causing them to move more rapidly.
Vaporization: At the boiling point, the particles near the surface of the liquid gain enough energy to overcome the attractive forces holding them in the liquid state. These particles transition from the liquid phase to the gas phase, a process known as vaporization.
Formation of Gas Bubbles: As more and more particles gain sufficient energy, bubbles of the gas phase form within the liquid. These bubbles rise to the surface and escape into the surrounding atmosphere.
Conversion to Gaseous State: The entire bulk of the liquid eventually undergoes vaporization, and the liquid is transformed into a gas. The gas particles have greater spacing and higher kinetic energy compared to the liquid state.
Expansion: The volume occupied by the gas is significantly greater than that occupied by the liquid. Gases expand to fill the available space, and this expansion is a characteristic feature of the gaseous state.
It's important to note that the temperature at which boiling occurs is specific to each substance and is known as the boiling point.
What distinguishes specific properties from general properties? Provide an example of each.
Specific properties are unique to individual substances, while general properties are common to all forms of matter.
Example of specific property: boiling point, melting point, solubility, and chemical reactivity
Example of general property: mass, volume, density, and ability to occupy space.
In which phase of matter do particles have no definite shape but have a definite volume? Provide an example of a substance in this phase.
Liquid. Example: water.
What is the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas if temperature is constant?
according to Boyles law: as the pressure of a gas increases, its volume decreases, and vice versa, as long as the temperature remains constant.
What is sublimation?
When a solid changes directly into the gas phase without going through the liquid state
Theorize how heating a liquid will affect the viscosity and why.
The viscosity of a liquid is a measure of its resistance to flow. When a liquid is heated, its viscosity generally decreases. This phenomenon can be theorized based on the kinetic theory of matter.
According to the kinetic theory, as temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the particles in the liquid also increases. In a liquid, particles are in constant motion. When heat is added, the average kinetic energy of the particles rises, leading to an increase in their speed and, consequently, their ability to overcome attractive forces between them.