ETC
Crucial for maximizing ATP output, this structural adaptation provides massive surface area for housing thousands of copies of the electron transport chain.
Why is the inner membrane folded? (Accept: What are cristae?)
Pyruvate dehydrogenase, acetyl-CoA, citrate, or ATP synthase: the entity in this list responsible for generating the vast majority of ATP during cellular respiration.
What is ATP synthase?
Fermentation does not utilize an ETC or citric acid cycle; instead, it functions strictly as an extension of this specific metabolic pathway.
What is glycolysis?
These specialized plant structures within plant cells serve as the primary site where photosynthesis takes place.
What are leaves? (Accept: chloroplasts)
These two colors of the visible light spectrum are the most heavily absorbed by chlorophyll, while green light is mostly reflected.
What are red and purple (or blue)?
At the very end of the ETC, the remaining energy of the low-energy electrons is used to reduce this final electron acceptor, forming water
What is oxygen (O₂)?
This three-word term describes the capacity of the electrochemical hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to perform work.
What is proton-motive force?
This coenzyme acts as the primary electron carrier in glycolysis, and it must be constantly regenerated to keep the pathway from shutting down.
What is NAD⁺?
This is the total number of distinct membranes found in a chloroplast.
What is three (3)?
includes the inner, outer, and internal thylakoid membranes.
While chlorophyll a is the primary light-capturing pigment in plants, this molecule serves as an accessory pigment to broaden the absorption spectrum.
What is chlorophyll b?
These multi-protein complexes and mobile electron carriers are embedded within this specific lipid bilayer of the mitochondrion.
What is the inner mitochondrial membrane?
This multi-subunit enzyme can be defined both as an ion pump running in reverse, or as a molecular mill that uses a proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP.
What is ATP synthase?
In this pathway, pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form a conjugate base, notably doing so without the release of CO₂.
What is lactic acid fermentation?
Oxygen gas released during photosynthesis originates from this specific reactant.
What is water (H2O)?
This waste product of cellular respiration serves as a critical carbon-fixing reactant for the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.
What is carbon dioxide?
As electrons cascade down the ETC, they drop in free energy through this specific step-wise mechanism, which directly produces this precise amount of ATP.
What are multiple small steps, creating zero ATP?
This term correctly describes the process where energy stored in a hydrogen ion gradient is used to drive cellular work like ATP synthesis.
What is chemiosmosis?
Because it lacks an electron transport chain, fermentation relies on these types of endogenous organic molecules to serve as the final electron acceptor.
What are organic molecules?
These structures open to take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen, but also inevitably allow water vapor to escape via transpiration.
What are stomata?
Clue: This complex, composed of a reaction center surrounded by light-harvesting complexes, transfers energy to chlorophyll a before sending excited electrons to a primary acceptor.
What is a photosystem?
This electron carrier yields more ATP.
Why does NADH carry more energy than FADH₂?
This is the primary reason scientists cannot state an exact, fixed number of ATP molecules generated per molecule of glucose.
What is because the proton-motive force is also used to power other work
In this specific anaerobic pathway, pyruvate is decarboxylated to release CO2 before being reduced
What is alcohol fermentation?
Photosynthesis is not exclusive to plants; it occurs across this diverse group of organisms that includes multicellular algae, unicellular protists, cyanobacteria, and purple sulfur bacteria.
What are photoautotrophs?
The light reactions of photosynthesis generate ATP through this specific process, which uses a proton-motive force driven by an electron transport chain.
What is photophosphorylation?