Cell Cycle
Stages from division of a eukaryotic cell to next division. Cell grows larger, number of organelles doubles, DNA is replicated.
What is the cell cycle?
Before mitosis begins chromatin (single chromosome) will
What is replicates and condenses?
nucleolus disappears, duplicated chromosomes visible, centromeres moving apart, spindle forming
what is prophase
growth disorder where cells divide uncontrollably and result from accumulating mutations that result in loss of control of the cell cycle
what is cancer
function of mitosis in single celled organisms
what is asexual reproduction
Most of the cell cycle (90%). Includes G1 stage, S stage, and G2 stage.
What is interphase?
What is homologous pairs?
chromosomes align at metaphase plate
what is metaphase
not cancerous, encapsulated, do not invade neighboring tissue or spread
what is benign tumors
splitting into 2, produces 2 daughter cells identical to the original, asexual reproduction
what is binary fission
Enzymes called caspases are unleashed, abnormal cells die, nucleus fragments, plasma membrane blisters, white blood cells engulf cell fragments.
What is apoptosis?
Organizes microtubules (animal cells), divides before mitosis begins, contain pair of centrioles, organizes mitotic spindle, and made of microtubules
What is a centrosome?
sister chromatid split, pulled to opposite polls, each now called "daughter chromosomes"
what is anaphase
cancerous, not encapsulated, invades neighboring tissues, my detach and lodge in distant places (metastasis), and results from mutation of genes regulating cell cycle
what is malignant tumors
Shape bacterial chromosomes take
what is a ring of dna
Family of molecules called "cyclins" that increase and decrease as cycle continues. They must be present to proceed. Without them, cycle stops at checkpoints.
What is internal signals?
DNA wound around 8 histone core is
what is a nucleosome
centrosomes have duplicated, replicated chromatin condensing, "chromosomes", nuclear envelope disappearing
what is early prophase
proto-oncogenes code for proteins that promote cell cycle. Example BRCA1
what is oncogenes
chromosomes folded in an area
what is a nucleiod
Mitosis increases or decreases cell numbers.
Apoptosis increases or decreases cell numbers/
mitosis increases, apoptosis decreases
proteins that have a structural role for packing DNA into nucleus
what is a histone
centromere of each chromosome develops 2 kinetochores and attaches to spindle fiber
what is prometaphase
codes for proteins that inhibit cell cycle, promote apoptosis, and p53 is a good example
what is tumor suppressor genes
end of chromosome
telemere