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JUDGEMENT
REASONING
DECISION MAKING
PROBLEM SOLVING
PICTIONARY
100
Cognitive strategies or "rules of thumb" used as shortcuts to solve complex mental tasks.
What is HEURISTICS?
100
The tendency to take evidence that is consistent with your beliefs more seriously than evidence inconsistent with your beliefs.
What is CONFIRMATION BIAS?
100
______ refers to how a question is phrased or how our options are described which influences our decisions.
What is FRAMING.
100
Specific procedures for solving often-encountered well-defined problems.
What is SUBROUTINES.
100
Show (and explain) the difference between Analogical Representation and Symbolic Representation.
Analogical Representation: An idea that shares actual characteristics of the object it represents. Symbolic Representation: A mental representation that stands for something content without sharing any characteristics with the thing it represents.
200
Thinking aimed at a particular goal.
What is DIRECTED THINKING.
200
______ reasoning generalizes from a specific instance, whereas ______ reasoning applies logic-based rules to new, specific situations for a single solution.
What is INDUCTIVE and DEDUCTIVE.
200
Seeking the ideal choice means too many comparisons (which leads to dissatisfaction) and takes too much time Therefore, this approach seeks choices that, although not ideal, at least ends the quest for the optimal option and reaches a decent decision more quickly.
What is SATISFICE.
200
It takes this long for someone to acquire "expert status".
What is 10 YEARS?
200
Find the solution to the Nine-Dot Problem and explain the difference between Well-Defined and Ill-Defined Problems.
Well-Defined Problem: Clear idea of the goal from the beginning. Know options available to reach goal. ex: Nine-Dot Problem Ill-Defined Problem: Start problem with hazy sense of the goal. Oftentimes, people try to narrow options to make the issue more well defined and clarified.
300
Types of thinking also referred to as "intuition vs. reasoning", "association-driven thought vs. rule-driven thought", "peripheral route vs. central route".
What is DUAL-PROCESS THEORY? (System 1 vs. System 2)
300
An argument made up of two propositions, called premises, and a conclusion based on those premises.
What is SYLLOGISM?
300
Evidence suggests that this phenomenon are often inaccurate in that people consistently overestimate how strongly, and for how long, they will react to or feel regret over certain events.
What is AFFECTIVE FORECASTING.
300
A problem-solving strategy used by recalling previous, similar problems and applying its solution to the current problem.
What is ANALOGY.
300
Construct a Proposition Network and identify the nodes and associative links. Explain spreading activation.
Spreading Activation: Process through which activity in one node in a network flows outward to other nodes through associative links.
400
DAILY DOUBLE! DAILY DOUBLE! DAILY DOUBLE! It appears that there is a ________ relationship between the time to scan a mental image from one point to another and the time to scan between the same points on the actual picture of which the image is an analog.
What is PROPORTIONAL?
400
A commonly used research task in which participants must decide which cards to turn over to determine whether or not a rule has been followed.
What is SELECTION TASK.
400
"What's the difference between my current state and my goal? What means do I have available for reducing this difference?" are self-direct questions relating to what strategy?
What is MEANS-END ANALYSIS.
400
The four steps of creative thought and processes (as proposed by Graham Wallas).
1. Preparation: Gathering of information 2. Incubation: Set problem aside without consciously working on it 3. Illumination: New insight surfaces 4. Verification: Confirmation that the new idea really does lead to a solution
400
Illustrate how images can be "picture-like" but are not actual pictures.
The picture of the duck/rabbit is easily reinterpreted, but the corresponding mental image is not because the image is already organized and interpreted to some extent. This interpretation shapes what the form of the image seems to resemble; mental images can't be reinterpreted.
500
______ ______ is used to make probability estimates that depend on the frequency with which a certain events readily come to mind whereas _____ _____ is used to make probability estimates that an object (or event) belongs to a certain category based on prototypical characteristics.
What is AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC and REPRESENTATIVE HEURISTIC.
500
In reasoning, people are helped by an effort toward translating problems into the familiar terms of _______ or _______ __________.
What is PERMISSION and SOCIAL OBLIGATION.
500
Explain why decisions are sometimes undermined by having too many options to choose from.
1. Makes it more difficult to choose and yield unnecessary stress. 2. Consumers are actually less likely to be satisfied with whatever choice they made because of the comparisons they made. (Comparisons highlight the disadvantages of each option).
500
Identify three personality traits of a creative person.
Any of the following is acceptable: What is willingness to take risks Willingness to ignore criticism Ability to tolerate ambiguous findings Intelligent Intense interest in problem (high motivation)
500
Illustrate the Stroop Effect and describe how it relates to Automaticity.
Automaticity: The ability to do a task without paying attention to it.