Classical Conditioning
What was the bell used for in Pavlov's experiment
The bell was used to tell the dogs that they were about to eat
What did BF Skinner do for his operant conditioning example. What was the reinforcer during the example
BF Skinner made a pigeon turn around in a circle using food as a reinforcer.
What are the three elements of learned helplessness
stability, globality, internality
what is a cognitive map?
a mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events
Who was Ivan Pavlov?
The psychologist who conducted the first classical conditioning experiment
What is the difference between generalization and discrimination.
Generalization occurs when animal responds to a second stimulus similar to the original CS without training.
Discrimination is the ability to respond differently to different stimuli
What are Schedules of Reinforcement
schedules of reinforcement reinforcing every response.
What is modeling and what are the three types of modeling.
observing and imitating others.
modeling, observation learning, and disinhibition
What is behavior modification?
systematic application of learning principles to change people's action and feelings
Who was the baby who was experimented on?
little Albert
What is classical conditioning an example of?
Classical conditioning is an example of a behaviorist theory.
What are Primary and Secondary Reinforcers?
A primary reinforcer is one that satisfies itself (like food and water)
A secondary reinforcer is one that has been paired with a primary reinforcer and through classical conditioning
What does a token economy do?
A token economy motivates people for good behavior and reinforces them with points in which they are able to redeem for prizes
What is a token economy?
A conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards
Who was BF skinner and what was the skinner box?
BF skinner was a behavioralist who conducted operant learning experiments
What did O. Hobart and Mollie Mowrer do?
They discovered a practical solution to the problem of bed wetting using classical conditioning
What are the two uses of negative reinforcement
escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning
Who did the study on rats who developed mental maps
Edward Tolman
What is learned helplessness?
A condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation in uncontrollable
What experiment did Martin Seligman conduct
What are the differences between US, UR, CS, CR
US- an event that leads to a certain predictable response. UR-a reaction that occurs naturally and automatically when the US is presented. CS- A once neutral event that elicits a given response after training. CR- The learned response to a conditioned stimulus
What are the differences of Fixed ratio, Fixed interval, Variable ratio, and Variable interval.
Fixed ratio- a specific number of responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained.
Fixed interval-a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement.
Variable ratio- an unpredictable number of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained.
Variable interval- a pattern of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time must elapse before a response is obtained
What is latent learning, how is it demonstrated and who came up with it?
The alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior, latent learning is learned in the absence of a reinforcer but is demonstrated when a reinforcer does occur
What are social learning operant learning and classical conditioning?
social learning- process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behaviors of others
Operant Conditioning- learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence
Classical conditioning- a learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
who was Albert Bandura?
Albert Bandura was a psychologist who conducted an experiment about how kids react to violence on tv.