Intro
He believed we have one general intelligence.
Who is Charles Spearman?
Along with his student, Theodore Simon, he assumed that all children follow the same course of intellectual development. Their goal was to measure each child's "mental age."
Who is Alfred Binet?
This refers to the exact process used to define and measure a variable in a research study.
What is an operational definition?
This type of mindset leads people to seek out information that supports their existing beliefs about traits like intelligence or talent—such as believing some people are just “born good at math.”
What is a fixed mindset?
This type of intelligence refers to the ability to reason quickly and abstractly and tends to decrease in late adulthood.
What is fluid intelligence?
Spearman's belief stemmed partly from his work with a statistical procedure identifying clusters of items.
What is factor analysis?
Assesses people's mental aptitudes and compares them with those of others, using numerical scores
What is an intelligence test?
In-depth analysis of a specific case, individual, event, or small group. To gain a detailed understanding of a particular phenomenon or situation in its real-world context.
What is a case study?
A correlation of this value represents no association between two variables.
What is 0?
The percentage of intelligence variation attributed to genetic factors in a population.
What is heritability?
After a brief helicopter ride over Singapore, which was followed by five days of drawing, Artist Stephen Wiltshire accurately reproduced an aerial view of the city from memory.
What is Savant Syndrome?
Adapted Binet's original intelligence test.
Who is Lewis Terman?
Tracking the same individuals or group over time to observe changes and development.
What is a longitudinal study?
A correlation of -1.00 indicates this type of perfectly predictable relationship between two variables, where one increases as the other decreases.
What is perfect negative correlation (or perfect directional disagreement)?
This type of intelligence refers to accumulated knowledge and verbal skills that increase with age.
What is crystallized intelligence?
Who agrees with Gardner that there is more to success than traditional intelligence but proposed three, not eight, intelligences
Who is Robert Sternberg?
Nick takes the college entrance exam, which seeks to predict his ability to do college work.
What is an aptitude test?
This includes getting consistent scores across multiple testing times.
What is high reliability?
A student believes that with effort and good strategies, they can improve their math skills, even if they struggle now. This belief reflects this type of mindset.
What is a growth mindset?
One psychologist tests the memory abilities of 20-year-olds-, 40-year-olds- and 60-year-olds simultaneously and compares the results.
A researcher follows a group of 30 students from age 10 to 50, testing their cognitive abilities every 10 years.
What are cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?
Believed intelligence may be broken down into seven distinct factors.
Who is L.L. Thurston?
This type of test measures how much a student has learned in a specific subject, often to determine mastery or course exemption.
What is an achievement test?
This is the proportion of data that falls within one standard deviation above and below the mean in a normal distribution.
95% 60% 68% 50%
What is 68%?
Looking at a graph of IQ scores around the world and you notice that the data for the mean, median, and the mode are all the showing a...
What is a normal distribution?
Type of intelligence that is required for everyday tasks that may be poorly defined and may have multiple solutions.
What is practical intelligence?
This psychologist includes interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence as two of his multiple intelligences.
Who is Howard Gardner?
Presumed a hereditary genius, although his quest for simple intelligence measures failed, he gave us some statistical techniques that we still use today.
Who is Francis Galton?
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.
Validity or Reliability
What is validity?
A test is considered this when it has been piloted on a representative group and established meaningful scores.
What is standardized?
Human genes have barely changed over the past 100 years. This effect means that the increase in average IQ scores is primarily due to environmental changes, such as education.
What is the Flynn effect?
Sternberg's Three Intelligences
What is Analytical, Creative and Practical intelligence?
The German psychologist who was famous for deriving the term intelligence quotient IQ
Who is William Stern?
In a normal distribution, this percentage of data falls within approximately two standard deviations of the mean.
90% 2% 99% 95%
What is 95%
An aptitude test was administered to incoming psychology majors, and their scores were later compared to their grades. High scores on the aptitude test were related to higher grades in the course. Therefore, the aptitude test has...
What is predictive validity?
Female students are told before taking a math test that "boys usually do better on this section." As a result, their performance declines. This is an example of this phenomenon.
What is a stereotype threat?