Erikson
Erikson has this many stages of psychosocial development.
What is eight?
Kohlberg has three levels consisting of two stages each. In this level and stage an individual can make ethical decisions based on the concern for or the opinions of others.
What is level two conventional ethics, stage three interpersonal harmony.
In this stage of development ethical decisions are based on concern for or the opinions of others. What pleases, helps, or is approved of by others characterizes this stage.
These are the broad stages of responses to moral problems that Piaget identified in children.
What are external morality and autonomous reality?
Chapter Three focused on these four types of development.
What is personality, identity and self-concept, social, and moral development?
These help us frame our understanding of ourselves and our students.
This type of classroom management is proven to be most effective. (think of parenting styles)
What is Authoritative?
Authoritative is most effective due to the characteristics of high demands and high responsiveness.
Erikson’s psychosocial stage of development in which a child needs to learn important academic skills and compare favorably with peers in school to achieve competence.
What is Industry vs. Inferiority?
Occurs when school and home provides opportunities for students to develop competence through success on challenging task or a pattern of failure.
Critics argued that Kohlberg's work failed to factor in this.
What is gender influences?
Males: base judgements on abstract concepts, such as justice, rules, and individual rights.
Women: make moral decisions on interpersonal connections and human needs.
According to Piaget, this stage of moral development lasts until about age ten.
What is external morality?
External morality is the first stage of moral development discovered by Piaget, and this stage was observed to last until about age ten when the child’s thinking changes and is more rational.
According to Eggen and Kauchak (2016), "Social development depends on experience, and opportunities to interact with others and observe the consequences of our own and others interactions are essential for healthy development" (p.104). The following individuals are the children's strongest influences in three specific areas: attitudes and values, opportunities to practice social skills, and emotional support during their early social development.
What is the parents, siblings, and peers?
Since development begins at home, interactions with parents, siblings, and peers are our first interactions! Therefore, they influence social interactions that we will have later on in life.
The following are practiced by teachers in order to support student personality development. (multiple answers)
What is
-learning about your students as people
-modeling positive personality traits
-use concrete examples to teach positive personality traits
-discuss positive personality trait and their relationship to success
-use an authoritative classroom management
Jessica quits her high paying engineering job to focus on her children and becomes a school counselor. Jessica would fit in this stage of Erikson's psychosocial development.
What is Generativity vs. Stagnation?
This occurs when adults “make their mark” on the world by caring for others as well as creating and accomplishing things that helps make the world a better place.
Chris decides not to skip class because he knows he will get in trouble with the principle. Chris is exemplifying one of Kohlberg's stages.
What is pre conventional ethics?
This example fits in the preconventional ethics, stage one. This stage is punishment-obedience, and can be described as consequences of acts determine whether they make the right decision.
Bobby's friend Graham asks him to pick up his pencil that fell on the ground, and Bobby replies with "No talking during a test!" Bobby is displaying this type of morality view.
What is external morality?
The view point that Bobby is using is rule based, and he does not understand that Graham needs his pencil to take the test. He does not think he can help him.
This type of development refers to age-related changes in people's personality and the ways that individuals respond to their environments. It has the following five traits:
What is personality development? What is extraversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism.
These traits are what can make others perceive us as having a “great” personality or “negative” personality. They also can have an effect on how we make decisions in our day to day life.
A kindergarten teacher emphasizes being kind to classmates, sharing, and doing assigned work. This teacher is trying to develop positive personality traits in her students by exemplifying:
What is agreeableness and consciousness?
The teacher is trying to promote positive personality traits that will help the student to be successful in school as well as further in life.
Sarah and Justin have one child and want to adopt a second. Since their first child’s infancy had been extremely difficult on Sarah, she was excited about the possibility of adopting an older child, perhaps a potty trained 3 year old. Justin on the other hand, had some serious misgivings not knowing about the quality of care giving and relationships in the child’s early life. In the 3 year old ‘s case, he felt that their was inadequate care and improper resolution. This describes one of Erikson’s stages that could lead to irreparable damage in later development.
What is Trust vs. Mistrust?
This occurs when infants receive loving care consistently or when the infant has experienced harsh care.
Cole is nine years old. He hit his brother while playing a game. His mother asks him "why is it wrong to hit your brother." He says "because people are not supposed to hit others."
Cole is most likely in this stage of Kohlberg's stages of moral development.
What is conventional ethics?
The conventional stage comes from the conformity to the rules of and conventions of society.
In this stage of morality, children see justice as a reciprocal process of treating others as you would want to be treated.
What is autonomous morality?
Autonomous morality begins when children begin to self-regulate their morals and rationalize the context of what is happening before answering.
Parents play a major role in social development. This type of parenting style can be described as:
"Where is Lauren? It is 10:30 on a school night, and she has a soccer game tomorrow night" Lauren's dad asks her mother.
"She said she was going to go out with some friends to see a movie." Lauren's mother states.
"Well shouldn't she be home getting her school work done and resting?"
"Well, she said she didn't have much to do, and her grades aren't too bad. She's young let her have fun."
What is a permissive parenting style?
Generally, parents exhibiting a permissive parenting style will have few expectations for their children but are very understanding. This can result in children becoming immature, compulsive and are not motivated. (p.84)
(low in demands and high in responsiveness)
There are many obstacles when it comes to healthy development. Teachers need to be aware of these obstacles in order to provide a healthy learning environment for their students.
What is obesity, alcohol and drugs, child abuse, and peer aggression?
These obstacles detract from healthy development. Obesity has become an epidemic in the United States; therefore, as teachers we need to take action by doing things such as increasing recess time. Alcohol and drug use are quite common in teenagers and prevent these individuals from developing healthy coping mechanisms. We should also be aware of child abuse in our student’s homes that might be effecting a child. Finally, bullying is a huge issue in schools today, and it is important as teachers to do as much as possible to discourage it.
This is the stage where integrity occurs and individuals believe that they’ve lived the best life possible. These individuals start to accept the inevitability of death.
What is Integrity vs. Despair?
Sarah is using her notes on a test, and her teacher catches her cheating. The teacher says that she will be receiving a zero on her test, but Sarah protests saying that the entire class has been cheating all semester.
The teacher responds, "I will look into that, but does that mean it is acceptable for you to cheat."
Sarah feels like she got screwed. Based off her feelings you could place Sarah in this stage of Kohlberg's stages.
What is stage three: interpersonal harmony?
This stage is based on the concern for others, or the opinions of others. An act is moral if others are demonstrating similar acts.
Sadie was sitting with Graham and when he asked someone to pick up his pencil, Sadie responded with, "I can try and get it because I know you need it for your test." Sadie displayed this type of morality view.
What is autonomous morality?
Sadie is displaying that she can think about the context of the situation as well as if what is being done is an infraction of rules or not.
In moral development, individuals advance in his/her conception of right and wrong and prosocial traits such as honesty and respect for others. These are the emotional components (characteristics) of moral development.
What is shame, guilt, empathy, and sympathy?
Moral development deals with an individual’s perception of right and wrong, so as children age they will begin to learn how to interpret another’s feelings. This could result in feeling shame, guilt, empathy, and sympathy (p.110).
According to Eggen and Kauchak (2016), "this type of development is enhanced by opportunities to think about moral dilemmas and hear the positions of other" (p.120).
For example, if a teacher has a classroom rule that students may not laugh or make remarks when a classmate is trying to answer a question. The teacher asks the students to discuss why the class has the rule, emphasizing how individuals feel when others laugh at them. This effort supports a certain type of moral development.
What is supporting moral development?
As teachers, it is important that we support moral development. Moral development is enhanced by opportunities to think about moral dilemmas and hear the thoughts of others.