Validity
What is internal validity?
a. The extent to which findings apply to real-world settings
b. the degree to which a study allows clear causal inferences
c. the ability to measure experiences and behavior in daily life
d. the variety of samples used in a study
b. the degree to which a study allows clear causal inferences
What is one way researchers have improved studying behavior and experiences over time?
a. by limiting the use of laboratory experiments
b. by focusing exclusively on theoretical models
c. by reducing the number of participants in field studies
d. by developing tools to measure behavior and physiology directly in daily life
d. by developing tools to measure behavior and physiology directly in daily life
What is one method used to study the flow of people and space in urban areas?
a. electrocardiogram monitoring
b. time-lapse photography
c. survey questionnaires
d. laboratory experiments
b. time-lapse photography
What phenomenon describes high blood pressure in a doctor's office but not at home?
a. cortisol effect
b. white coat hypertension
c. stress response variance
d. ambulatory response
b. white coat hypertension
What emerging field studies how people act and interact on the Internet?
a. ambulatory physiological monitoring
b. virtual daily behavior
c. experience sampling
d. day reconstruction method (DRM)
b. virtual daily behavior
What is external validity?
a. the extent to which findings are generalizable to other settings and populations
b. the level of control over potentially influential factors in a study
c. the accuracy of measuring physiological responses
d. the precision of manipulating the independent variable
a. the extent to which findings are generalizable to other settings and populations
What kind of information might be collected in momentary questionnaires using experience-sampling methods?
a. current location, social environment, activity, and feelings
b. participants' historical data
c. participants' demographic details
d. only participants' long-term memory
a. current location, social environment, activity, and feelings
What does the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) method involve?
a. conducting interviews with participants
b. observing participants through a one-way mirror
c. equipping participants with a portable audio recorder
d. using video cameras to follow participants
c. equipping participants with a portable audio recorder
What is an example of a physiological measure that can be collected using portable devices?
a. social media usage patterns
b. participant surveys
c. observational data from public places
d. electrocardiogram (ECG)
d. electrocardiogram (ECG)
How do researchers study virtual social behavior?
a. by examining users' online verbal traces using text analysis programs
b. by analyzing participants' physical activities
c. by conducting laboratory experiments on social interactions
d. by collecting and analyzing people's physical waste
a. by examining users' online verbal traces using text analysis programs
Why might researchers prioritize internal validity over external validity?
a. to ensure that findings are applicable to real-world settings
b. to increase the number of participants in a study
c. to avoid the need for field research
d. to focus on identifying true causal relationships
d. to focus on identifying true causal relationships
What is the main goal of experience-sampling methods?
a. to conduct experiments in a controlled laboratory setting
b. to collect real-time self-report data from participants in their daily lives
c. to analyze data from historical psychological studies
d. to create theoretical models of human behavior
b. to collect real-time self-report data from participants in their daily lives
How do participants generally feel about the EAR method after using it for a while?
a. they find it very intrusive and difficult to use
b. they avoid using it as much as possible
c. they prefer not to participate in such studies
d. they quickly get accustomed to it and behave normally
d. they quickly get accustomed to it and behave normally
What does ambulatory physiological monitoring involve?
a. measuring physiological reactions as people go about their daily lives
b. monitoring physiological reactions in a laboratory setting
c. analyzing participants' historical health data
d. observing participants' behavior through time-lapse photography
a. measuring physiological reactions as people go about their daily lives
What did the study by Cohn, Mehl, and Pennebaker (2004) reveal about people's online behavior after September 11th, 2001?
a. people showed no significant change in online behavior
b. people's online engagement decreased significantly right after the attacks
c. there was an increase in positive emotions and cognitive-analytic words
d. there was an increase in negative emotions and social engagement initially, followed by a return to baseline
d. there was an increase in negative emotions and social engagement initially, followed by a return to baseline
What does ecological validity refer to?
a. the accuracy of the correlation coefficient
b. the level of control in a laboratory experiment
c. the degree to which a study measures physiological responses
d. the degree to which an effect occurs under everyday life conditions
d. the degree to which an effect occurs under everyday life conditions
What does the day reconstruction method (DRM) involve?
a. collecting real-time data throughout the day
b. observing behavior in a laboratory setting
c. participants retrospectively reporting their experiences of a day after dividing it into episodes
d. using portable audio recorders to capture ambient sounds
c. participants retrospectively reporting their experiences of a day after dividing it into episodes
What type of data does the EAR specifically NOT record?
a. ambient sounds
b. participants' locations
c. participants' visual interactions
d. emotional expressions
c. participants' visual interactions
What can cause significant variability in physiological responses according to the text?
a. the consistency of laboratory conditions
b. the participant's level of physical activity
c. the age of the participant
d. individual differences in what is considered stressful or engaging
d. individual differences in what is considered stressful or engaging
What challenge is associated with the increased use of smartphones for data collection in research?
a. increased accuracy of lab experiments
b. greater privacy protection, data analysis, and synthesis
c. reduced need for theoretical models
d. limited access to real-world data
b. greater privacy protection, data analysis, and synthesis
What is a challenge when trying to achieve both internal and external validity in a study?
a. random assignment is not feasible
b. it is difficult to recruit participants
c. creating a controlled environment may differ from real-world conditions
d. it is impossible to measure behavior accurately
c. creating a controlled environment may differ from real-world conditions
What is the primary benefit of using experience-sampling methods in psychology research?
a. it helps researchers understand what people actually do, think, and feel in real-life contexts
b. it provides a high degree of internal validity
c. it allows for easy manipulation of independent variables
d. it avoids the need for statistical analysis
a. it helps researchers understand what people actually do, think, and feel in real-life contexts
Why might researchers collect and analyze people's garbage in psychological studies?
a. to find out what people say they consume
b. to measure actual consumption behaviors that people might underreport
c. to analyze people's emotional responses to trash
d. to observe people's social interactions
b. to measure actual consumption behaviors that people might underreport
Why might researchers find limited correspondence between laboratory stressors and real-life responses?
a. laboratory stressors are usually too intense
b. real-life stressors are often less predictable and more varied
c. laboratory settings are always more stressful than real-life
d. people respond identically in both settings
b. real-life stressors are often less predictable and more varied
According to Miller (2012), what question remains regarding the impact of smartphones on psychology?
a. whether smartphones will remain only communication devices
b. whether smartphones will ever be used for data collection
c. how, when, and where smartphones will revolutionize psychology
d. what the ultimate goal of psychology is
c. how, when, and where smartphones will revolutionize psychology