The name's bond, molecular bond
Living organisms consist of mostly WHAT-based substances?
Carbon
Why is water a versatile solvent?
It is a polar molecule
Carbohydrates serve what TWO main purposes?
Structure and energy storage
What is an enzyme?
A protein that functions as a catalyst, speeding up chemical reactions
What 3 things make up a nucleotide?
Phosphate group, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base
What is an isomer?
A compound with the same molecular formula, but different in structure
What properties of water are responsible for the transportation of water and nutrients through a plant?
Cohesion and adhesion
Glycogen is primarily used for ----- and cellulose is primary used for -----
Storage, structure
What type of bonds do chains of amino acids have?
Peptide bonds
Why is DNA considered antiparallel?
The two backbones run in opposite directions (5’-3’ vs 3’-5’)
What determines what kind of bond/how many an atom will form with other atoms?
Electron configuration
Why does water have a high surface tension?
Hydrogen bonds
What do all lipids have in common?
Lipids are hydrophobic
Amino acids differ based on what?
Their R-groups
What structural difference is there between the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA lacks oxygen on the second carbon (DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose)
Name 5 functional groups
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
What causes water to resist temperature changes?
High specific heat
If a fatty acid is unsaturated, what type of bond does it have to have?
Two or more double bonds
When does quaternary structure occur?
Aggregation of of 2+ polypeptide subunits
What bases bind in DNA and what bases bond together in RNA?
DNA: Adenine to Thymine, Cytosine to Guanine… RNA: Adenine to Uracil, Cytosine to Guanine
Why might enantiomers be important to the pharmaceutical industry?
Two isomers can have completed different effects/reactions
What makes a substance hydrophilic/have an affinity for water?
It is made of mostly ionic/polar bonds
Can a small polar molecule typically pass through the phospholipid bilayer - why or why not?
No - it would not be able to pass through because of the hydrophobic tails on the phospholipid bilayer
What levels of protein structure are affected when the hydrogen bonds are disrupted and why?
Secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure (destroys 𝛂 helix and 𝛃 pleated sheet)
Which bases are purines? Which bases are pyrimidines?
Purine: Adenine, Guanine… Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil