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Review
Review
Review
Review
Vocab
100
How common is youth mental illness in the U.S.?
What is 13% (1 in 8 Children)
100
Poverty (disadvantaged families/neighborhoods) Maltreatment (abuse & neglect) Inadequate child care & parenting Low birth weight (due to maternal smoking, diet, substance use/abuse) Parental mental illness Severe stressful life events
What is risk factors for childhood mental illness
100
How do emotions influence child development/psychopathology?
What is emotional experiences affect early personality development and emotional expression affects social interaction with respect to emotion reactivity and emotion regulation
100
These three aspects are the... Description: understand child’s behaviors, thoughts, feelings & circumstances Case formulation: develop hypotheses, the nature of the problem, diagnosis, and its causes & maintaining factors Develop treatment plan
What is purposes of assessment
100
Based on the following 8 definitions, name the corresponding 8 terms: 1) Negative attitudes and beliefs that cause discrimination or negative reactions 2) Child’s ability to successfully adapt in the environment and manage developmental tasks 3) The sequence and timing of particular behaviors and life developments over time 4) Various outcomes can stem from similar beginnings 5) Similar outcomes can stem from different beginnings and developmental pathways 6) A variable that increases the chance that a negative outcome will occur 7) A personal or situational variable that reduces the chances for a child to develop a disorder 8) Achieving positive outcomes despite being at risk for negative outcomes
What is What is 1) Stigma 2) Competence 3) Developmental Pathway *Also know basic developmental tasks for each age group (chart in ppt) 4) Multifinality 5) Equifinality 6) Risk factor 7) Protective factor 8) Resilience
200
How are psychological disorders defined?
What is a pattern of behavioral, emotional, cognitive, or physical signs and symptoms, shown by an individual, associated with one or more of the following: distress disability/impairment in important life domains increased risk for further suffering or harm
200
What factors are related to the expression of mental illness in children?
What is Poverty, Gender, Race & Ethnicity, and Sexual Orientation
200
Based on the descriptions, name these theories in order: This theory explains child psychopathology through social cognition, cognitive distortions, and cognitive deficiencies that can create the cognitive triangle (connecting antecedents, thoughts, and feelings) This theory explains child psychopathology through applied behavior analysis in which an antecedent causes a behavior/response in which case a consequence results through positive/negative reinforcement and punishment. This theory explains child psychopathology through emphasis of a child's environmental context such as parents, school, neighborhood, cultural values, etc.
What is cognitive theory, behavioral theory, and social-ecological theory
200
What are the different types of assessment? (3 main ones)
What is clinical interviews (unstructured/structured), behavioral (direct observation/behavioral samples and self-report rating scales), and neuropsychological (assesses problems in brain function that might influence thinking, perception, emotion/also includes screening tests = short tests designed to identify children at risk) �
200
Based on the following 8 definitions, name the corresponding 8 terms: 1) Acting out (e.g., aggression, rule breaking behaviors) 2) Mood symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depression), somatic complaints, withdrawn behavior 3) Developmental changes that are gradual & quantitative - Future behavior patterns CAN be predicted from earlier ones 4) Developmental changes that are abrupt & qualitative - Future behaviors NOT predicted by earlier ones 5) Individual differences in threshold and intensity of emotional experiences 6) Ability to manage emotional reactions 7) How child thinks about self & others 8) The simultaneous occurrence of two or more disorders
What is What is 1) Externalizing problems 2) Internalizing problems 3) Continuity 4) Discontinuity 5) Emotion reactivity 6) Emotion regulation -This derives from socialization and temperament: child’s innate style of reacting to and interacting with the environment (Easy, Slow to warm, Difficult) 7) Social cognition 8) Comorbidty
300
The ______ of labels: Facilitate communication & treatment Organize clinical knowledge Allow for standardization in research The ______ of labels: Can create stigma Describe only, do not provide information about contributions to disorder
What is the benefits and limitations of labels
300
What are the underlying assumptions in abnormal child psychology?
What is that there is only one cause (in reality, abnormal behavior is multiply determined)
300
Fill in the blanks: Factors that need to be considered in ___________, include: Samples of convenience (biased) Random selection (ideal) Comorbidity (may impact conclusions regarding a particular disorder/selecting only participants with single, pure disorders may limit generalizability) Factors that need to be considered in ___________, include: Standardized Reliable Construct validity
What is sample selection and choosing measurement tools (to measure IV and DV)
300
What is the difference between categorical and dimensional classification systems?
What is Categorical asks is disorder present? Yes or no Clear boundaries between existence or nonexistence of disorder - DSM-IV-TR: System for classifying mental disorders Dimensional classification: rate a person’s level of a trait or behavior on a continuous scale (high/low) with a clinical cutoff
300
Based on the following 8 definitions, name the corresponding 8 terms: 1) Each person in a population has an equal chance of being selected 2) Subjects selected because of their availability 3) Measures are consistent across - users (inter-rater reliability) - time (test-retest reliability) 4) The instrument measures what it is designed to measure 5) Researcher has maximum control over independent variable 6) Participants are randomly assigned to either treatment or control condition 7) AKA natural experiments- comparisons are made between groups that already exist 8) Participants asked about information regarding previous events
What is What is 1) Random selection 2) Samples of convenience 3) Reliable 4) Construct validity 5) True experiment 6) Randomized controlled trial 7) Quasi-experimental study 8) Retrospective design
400
How are child psychological disorders different from adult disorders?
What is someone other than the child is the one seeking treatment, problems often involve failure to develop according to expectations, many problem behaviors may not be entirely abnormal, and/or interventions often try to promote further development, rather than restoring youth to an earlier level of functioning �
400
Neural plasticity, brain structures that regulate different functions, and neurotransmitters are part of which theory of child psychopathology?
What is biological theory
400
Reports from individuals: interviews or questionnaires Reporters: Self-reports – may be problems with accuracy Other reports Observations: Structured, Naturalistic Biological: Neuroimaging = used to examine the structure or function of the brain - Structural imaging: MRI, CT scans - Brain function: fMRI – shows areas of brain with neural activity in response to stimuli and PET – shows cerebral glucose metabolism for different tasks
What is the different types of measurement (i.e., interviews, questionnaires, reporters, observations, psychophysiological)
400
How is assessment and treatment approached from each theoretical perspective? ( i.e, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, family, biological)
What is Psychodynamic: individual play therapy, work out problems/trauma through play Behavioral: unlearn maladaptive behaviors; change child’s behavior by changing behavior of those in the environment (parent training) Cognitive: change faulty thinking, promote adaptive thinking Family: change and improve family relations & structure Biological: pharmacotherapy > 70% of therapists take a combined approach
400
Based on the following 8 definitions, name the corresponding 8 terms: 1) Participants selected prior to event occurrence 2) Data collected at one point in time (limited conclusions) 3) Participants followed over time, many data collection points 4) AB [baseline(A) followed by intervention(B)] (type of single-case experiment) 5) Extent to which NEW cases of a disorder appear over a given period of time 6) All cases (new or previously existing) observed during a given period of time 7) Influences the direction or strength of the relation between two variables 8) Refers to the mechanism or process through which one variable affects another variable
What is What is 1) Prospective design 2) Cross-sectional research 3) Longitudinal research 4) ABAB reversal 5) Incidence rates 6) Prevalence rates 7) Moderator variable 8) Mediator variable
500
Competence Child’s age/developmental level Context Pattern/duration Severity Culture
What is factors that need to be considered when diagnosing a childhood disorder
500
Fill in the blank: _____ influence behavior, emotions, and learning, yet its contribution to psychological disorders is not deterministic- environmental events are often necessary for this influence to be expressed
What is genetics (influence on child behavior)
500
What are the different research designs? BONUS: define epidemiology
What is Quasi-experimental, retrospective design, cross-sectional research, prospective design, longitudinal design, single-case experiments (ABA reversal/multiple baseline) * How are they unique from one another? ** Distribution of disorders in population
500
These are guidelines about appropriate treatment for specific conditions that encompass evidence-based research findings and expert-consensus
What is best practice parameters.
500
Based on the following 9 definitions, name the corresponding 9 terms: 1) Whether the treatment works under well controlled laboratory conditions 2) Whether the treatment can work in clinical practice 3) Organizing assessment information into antecedents, behaviors, and consequences to understand behaviors & potentially change them 4) One component of good assessment that combines knowledge of what applies to broad groups (______) with detailed understanding of the child and family as unique (______) 5) One component of good assessment that entails gathering info. from multiple people across multiple settings and using multiple assessment methods 6) Decreases chances that psychopathology will occur 7) Reduction of symptoms, as well as enhancement of functioning and development 8) Treatment is more likely to succeed when it’s compatible with the cultural patterns of the child & family 9) Use of systematic strategies to understand children’s problems and their causal or maintaining factors
What is 1) Treatment efficacy 2) Treatment effectiveness 3) Behavior analysis 4) Nomothetic & idiographic 5) Multi-informant, multi-method 6) Prevention 7) Treatment 8) Cultural compatibility hypothesis 9) Clinical Assessment