Foundations
This perspective emphasizes development across the entire lifespan.
What is the lifespan perspective?
Proposed psychosexual stages.
Who is Freud?
Growth from head downward. (You do not have to properly pronounce it!)
What is cephalocaudal development?
Earliest emotions like joy and fear.
What are primary emotions?
Theory emphasizing adaptation and survival.
What is evolutionary theory?
These are three processes that interact to shape development.
What are physical, cognitive, and socioemotional processes?
Proposed psychosocial stages.
Who is Erikson?
Growth from center outward.
What is proximodistal development?
Require self-awareness (e.g., shame).
What are self-conscious emotions?
Scientist linked to natural selection.
Who is Darwin?
This term refers to the capacity for change in development.
What is plasticity?
Theory of stage-based cognitive development.
What is Piaget’s theory?
Cells that process information in the brain.
What are neurons?
Infant’s main communication method.
What is crying?
Interaction between genes and environment.
What is gene–environment interaction? (Or Nature - nurture interaction)?
Influences common to people of a particular age group.
What are normative age-graded influences?
Emphasized social interaction in learning.
Who is Vygotsky?
Process insulating axons for speed.
What is myelination?
Smile in response to external stimuli.
What is a social smile?
Developmental period from conception to birth.
What is the prenatal period?
This debate asks whether development is gradual or stage-like.
What is continuity vs. discontinuity?
Theory with microsystem to chronosystem.
What is Bronfenbrenner’s theory?
Elimination of unused neural connections.
What is synaptic pruning?
Match between child and environment.
What is goodness of fit?
Age measured in years since birth.
What is chronological age?