Carbohydrates
What are the two types of glycosidic bonds?
O-glycosidic and N-glycosidic
What are the 6 classes of lipids?
Free Fatty Acid, Triacylglycerols/Triglycerides, Biological Wax, Phospholipid, Glycolipid, and Steroids
The lipid membrane forms a ______ (two layers), and they are highly ______ (selective).
bilayer; impermeable
The type of receptor that spans the membrane seven times and interacts with G proteins.
Seven-Transmembrane (7TM) Receptor (or G-Protein Coupled Receptor)
The first step of gluconeogenesis often involves the carboxylation of pyruvate to this four-carbon molecule.
Oxaloacetate
What are the storage forms and structural forms of carbohydrates? Where are they found (animals/plants/etc.)?
Storage - glycogen (animals) and starch (plants)
Structure - cellulose (plants) and chitin (fungi, arthropods)
Triacylglycerol/Triglyceride
Membrane proteins can be classified as being either ______ or ______.
peripheral, integral
How is the G Protein activated?
Epinephrine binds to 7TM at the beta-adrenergic receptor, leading to the exchange of GDP for GTP in the the alpha subunit.
The enzyme that converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in gluconeogenesis is this.
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
These are proteins that consist of covalently linked glycosaminoglycans (polymers of repeating disaccharides) that are found in the extracellular matrices of animals and are key components of cartilage.
Proteoglycans
Membrane lipids are _____ molecules, meaning they consist of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties.
Amphipathic
What are the two types of passive transport and what is the difference between the two?
simple diffusion (no transport proteins)
facilitated diffusion (use of transport proteins)
This receptor includes a disulfide bond that attaches the alpha subunit together and another disulfide bond that binds the alpha subunit to the beta subunit.
Insulin Receptor
Enzyme used to convert pyruvate to oxaloacetate.
Pyruvate carboxylase
These are specific carbohydrate-binding proteins. In animals, they guide cell-to-cell contact.
Lectins
Name the following: A fatty acid with one double bond; a fatty acid with many double bonds; a fatty acid with no double bonds.
monounsaturated; polyunsaturated; saturated
What are secondary transporters? What are the two types of secondary transporters?
Transporters that move molecules across a membrane using energy from an established electrochemical gradient
Symporter; antiporter
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
Enzyme that converts glucose 6-phosphate into glucose
glucose 6-phosphatase
Name 3 monosaccharides, 3 disaccharides, and 3 polysaccharides
Monosaccharides: glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, deoxyribose, ribose
Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, maltose
Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
This process is the breaking down of fatty acids into acetyl CoA.
Beta-oxidation
Hard Knock - no water; Knock Hard - water in between each K ion
Define the following: Proto-oncogenes, Oncogenes, and Tumor-suppressor genes
Proto-oncogenes are genes that code for proteins that enhance controlled cell growth. Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogene, they enhance uncontrolled cell growth, leading to cancer. Tumor suppressor genes code for proteins that prevent cancer by regulating cell growth, division, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).
The ____ Cycle is a metabolic cooperation between the muscle and liver driving gluconeogenesis under appropriate conditions. What metabolite in this process is converted to glucose?
Cori Cycle; lactate