Chapter 6- The Individual Level
Frustration creates a predisposition for aggression by producing an intervening emotional state: anger.
What is the frustration-aggression theory? (p.144)
“A people’s sense of collective destiny through a common past and the vision of a common future”
What is nationalism? (p. 171)
A collection of people
vs.
A sovereign political with a centralized government, which has the authority to decree and enforce laws, collect taxes, and act as the legally recognized representative in exchanges with other states, including waging war.
What is a nation vs. state? (p. 196)
It is often assumed that a group will temper a leader’s impulsive decisions.
–Group members tend to egg each other on
–Tend to take more risks because no one person must take responsibility
–Tend result in irrational actions towards outgroups
What is Groupthink? (p. 228)
Occurs when states in a dispute work, through government representatives, to reach a mutually acceptable agreement.
What is diplomacy? (p. 296)
Patterns in aggressive behavior without intent to produce aggression
What is redirected aggression? (p. 149)
This view emphasizes the disruptive aspects of war
VS.
This view claims pre-industrial war can be functional because it serves as positive role for its participants
What is the maladaptive vs. adaptive view of war? (p. 164)
The idea that there is not a “system” of states but rather simply a number of separate entities, each pursuing its own interest
What is Realpolitik? (p. 204)
The goals of ________ :
– prevent a crisis from escalating to war
–keep the leaders in control of the situation,
–gain maximum advantage, whenever possible, from such crises
What is crisis management? (p. 230)
The goal of this perspective is to defend perceived interests and defeat the opponent by resolving it through aggression (wars, espionage, sanctions) and peaceful means (mediation, cease-fires, treaties).
VS.
The second perspective of conflict analysis stresses prevention rather than management of conflicts and nonviolent strategies as preferred means of conflict resolution
What is the realist perspective vs. the peace-oriented perspective? (p. 297)
An increase in social interaction between members of in and out-groups could reduce intergroup prejudice if the situation embodies four conditions:
–Equal status between the groups in the situation
–Sharing common goals
–No competition between the groups
–Authority sanction for the contact
What is the contact hypothesis? (p. 152)
Four major components of _________ :
-Aggression is more likely to be expressed when validated by the aggression of others
–A crowd provides strength in numbers and a shield of protective anonymity
–Leaders foment and channel the violence and diminish the reluctance of their followers to participate
–A person is more likely to be aggressive if they perceive others doing so
What is deindividuation? (p. 169)
If federal governments are truly sovereign, there is no guarantee of harmony and orderly process when they quarrel
What is international anarchy? (p. 198)
When we do something, it is acceptable, but when the enemy does the same thing, it is not.
What is the double standard of hostility? (p. 237)
At least two negotiating techniques for resolving conflict
Possible answers: (p. 311)
What is....
–last best offer
–resolution vs. dominance
–compromise
–positional vs. integrative bargaining
A personality test to measure an individual’s tendency towards authoritarianism
What is the f scale? (p. 150)
Types of nationalist wars
What is national independence, national prestige, secessionism, and international solidarity? (p. 177-180)
Two characteristics that help political scientists describe past and present state systems
What is polarity and connectedness? (p. 208)
–Identify alternative courses of action
–Estimate probable costs and benefits of alternative decisions
–Distinguish between the possible and probable
–Assess the situation from other parties’ perspectives
–Determine what information is relevant and irrelevant
–Tolerate ambiguity
–Resist premature action
–Make adjustments to accommodate changes in the situation
What must be decided during a crisis? (p. 233)
An example of biased mediation:
–Allegedly intended to settle Israeli-Palestinian dispute
–Developed without input from Palestinians, strongly favored Israeli priorities
–It was not intended to be accepted because it would have been political suicide for any Palestinian government.
What is the 2020 US-brokered Middle East “Peace Plan”? (p. 310)