Association Claims
associations that involve exactly 2 measures variables
What are bivariate correlations?
The strength of an association; indicates how important a study is by telling us how accurate the prediction is
What is effect size?
each participant is presented with all levels of the independent variables
What is within-groups/within-subjects design?
When different types of participants are systematically in different groups
What are selection effects?
To interrogate this validity, you would ask: "To whom or what can the causal claim generalize?"
What is external validity?
What is a bar graph?
Helps us determine how likely it is that the correlation in our study is due to chance
What is statistical significance?
participants are randomly assigned to at least 2 different groups and are tested on the key dependent variable twice: once before and once after exposure to the independent variable
What is pretest/posttest design?
When participants later responses are systematically affected by their earlier ones
What are order effects?
To interrogate this validity, you would ask, "how well are the variables measured and manipulated?"
What is construct validity?
The two most important validities to verify for association claims
Used to determine statistical significance
What is the p-value?
participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable at roughly the same time, and a single preference is the dependent variable
What is concurrent measures design?
When another variable accidentally varies systematically along with the independent variable
What are design confounds?
To interrogate this validity, you would ask "Are there alternative explanations for the outcome?"
What is internal validity?
Used to compare means
What is a t-test?
Extreme scores that cause the association to seem greater or less than it truly is
What are outliers?
participants are randomly assigned to different levels of the independent variables and testes on the dependent variable just once
What is post-test only design?
when an experimental treatment continues to affect a participant long after the treatment is administered
What are carry-over effects?
To interrogate this validity, you would ask, "how well do the data support the causal claim?"
What is statistical validity?
Evaluates the strength of an association as weak, moderate, or strong
What is Cohen's D?
When the full range of variables is not included in the study, making the association look weaker than it already is
What is restriction of range?
Used in experimental research in order for different experimental conditions to be observed while being able to control for individual difference by matching similar subjects or groups with each other.
What is matched groups design?
Participants' performance on the variable of interest may improve simply from repeating the activity rather than from any study manipulation imposed by the research
What are practice effects?
The validity most important to interrogate for causal claims.
What is internal validity?