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People Chapter 9
Other Chapter 9
People Chapter 9
Other Chapter 9
Chapter 10 People and Other
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General George C. Marshall
He was secretary of state during WWII, he gave an address at the Pentagon in 1950 recalling the military problems facing the nation during the Cold War. After Marshall visited Europe in 1947 he came back and reported on the dire situation in Europe and Kennan made a report of Marshall’s observations called the Marshall plan, which in it had Marshall’s warning that widespread economic, social and political deterioration of Europe was conducive to political instability, totalitarian exploitation, and the obstruction of peace. He also said that the initiative must come from Europe. Marshall also said out policy is not directed against any country or doctrine but against poverty, hunger and chaos. The Soviet’s tried several tactics to reduce the impact of the proposed Marshall Plan.
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Truman Doctrine
On March 12, 1947 The president outlined the dangers in Greece and Turkey and then pointed to the bipolarity of interest in the world. He did not specify the Soviet Union as the cause unrest in the Mediterranean world, although his allusions were unmistakable. To save Greece and Turkey from communism, Truman wanted to aid 400 million dollar economic and military support. In May 1947, Congress approved the Greek-Turkish Aid bill in a wide and bipartisan vote.
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Dean Acheson
Truman responded to Baruch Plan by asking Undersecretary of State Acheson and David Lilienthal to draw up the plan. Their proposal called for an international body to supervise both the material on production process involved in developing atomic energy.
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Potsdam Agreement
aimed at economic unity of Germany was not working, Bryans declared that more U.S. assistance was needed to secure the continent, restore Germany’s economy, and encourage its move toward a federal system of self-government.
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Fifty Years in China
Ambassador John L. Stuart wrote the best explanation for China’s collapse. He blamed the outcome on “a gigantic struggle between two political ideologies with the overtones of democratic idealism prevented by bureaucratic incompetence on the one side, succumbing to a dynamic socialized reform vitiated by Communist dogma, intolerance and ruthless on the other. And the great mass of suffering inarticulate victims cared for neither but were powerless to do anything about it.” The Chinese were Chinese and wanted to live without oppression.
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Secretary of navy, opposed any attempt to “buy understanding and sympathy” for the Soviets. He said that we tried that once with Hitler.
James V. Forrestal
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NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization- April 4, 1949. Twelve nations assembled in Washington to sign the NATO treaty, which established s European defense pact that initially included the U.S., Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Portugal, and the Netherlands. By the 1950’s membership grew to 15 with the addition of Greece, Turkey and West Germany. The NATO was a military alliance of permanent duration, uniting signatories “by continual self-help and mutual aid.” An attack on one or more was considered an attack on all.
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Columnist who was among more than a few Americans who opposed the doctrine of containment. He warned that it would lead to a worldwide ideology crusade because it failed to delineate which areas sought by the Soviets were of viral importance to the U.S. He also believed Stalin was motivated more by historic Soviet expansionist aims then by Communist ideology. He insisted that the real issue was a balance of power. Leaders in Moscow and Washington should arrange a mutual withdrawal of their military forces from Central Europe and thus defuse the explosive situation.
Walter Lippmann
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NSC- 68
Globalized the Cold War and called for containing the Soviet Union by a massive military buildup by the United States, including atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs.
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Douglas MacArthur had worked under the supervision of the Far East advisory Commission in Washington, which was composed of eleven and later thirteen nations that had fought Japan in the war. MacArthur dominated policy in Japan. People worshiped him as if he were an emperor.
Far East Commission
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George K. Kennan
On Feb. 22, 1946 he sent his home office the famous long telegraph an 8000 word, 16 page response to the State department’s request for an analysis of Stalin’s fiery speech. He was a career diplomat who had been educated at Princeton and trained in the Foreign Service as one of the first Americans assigned to observe the Soviets from Riga in Latvia. He was also a member of the first U.S. embassy in Moscow when William Bullit began the nightmarish three year stint as ambassador in 1933. He remained in the Soviet and Eastern Europe, developing warm feelings for the Soviet people while also enriching scholarly interest in Russian literature. But he strongly detested the revolutionary principles of the Bolshevik Revolutionary principles and the bloody Stalinist purges of the 1930’s—which he had seen firsthand.
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Bruch Plan
Truman’s administration’s proposal for international control of atomic weaponry. Plan to regulate atomic energy. Was to regulate all atomic energy activities potentially dangerous to world security, through licensing and on-site inspections. Once the agencies established control, the U.S. would dispose of its atomic stockpile and halt further production. The Soviet rejected the Baruch Plan.
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Senator Joseph McCarthy
Feb. 1950 McCarthy won reelection after we waved a so called list of Communist that were in the State Department. The hysteria lasted about 5 years and ruined many innocent people’s lives.
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After the British government decided to stop founding assistance to Greece and Turkey, the U.S. began to draft a plan to continue founds to Greece and Turkey. The draft went before the SWNCC, which believed that economic rehabilitation in Greece could not succeed until that Athens government wound down the civil war. The SWNCC therefore called for a shift in emphasis to military aid. Acheson won Truman’s support by warning that the fall of Greece and Turkey would open the door for the entire Mediterranean to the Soviet.
State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee
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Thirty-eight Parallel
Korea wanted to be free and independent. The partition at the thirty-eight parallel was a military decision, even though it cut off the industrialized north from the agricultural south and left the north larger in area through a smaller population. At the time it was a sound decision fin Washington’s view because to U.S. was unable to transport soldiers to them immediately, and the Soviet agreement to remain above the parallel would perhaps prevent the Red Army from occupying all of Korea.
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Alger Hiss
The atmosphere of McCarthyism actually began to develop during the late 1940’s when Whitaker Chambers, senior editor of Time newsmagazine and former Communist Party member, accused Alger Hiss, a State Department advisor who had accompanied Roosevelt to Yalta, of being a Communist spy. Hiss was convicted of perjury and in 1950 was sent to jail for 5 years for denying that he knew Chambers.
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1946 Turkish Crisis
The Turkish crisis did not surprise the U.S. In the autumn of that year it had stationed a battleship in nearby waters to demonstrate the support for the Turkish government and warned to Soviet that any move toward the straits would cause the U.S. to take the issue before the UN Secretary Council. At Yalta, Stalin planned to salvage the straits by opposing the U.S. call for internationalizing all inland waterways bordered by more than two countries (thereby safeguarding U.S. control of the Panama Canal and British control of the Suez Canal because both waterways touched only a single country). Turkey was anti-Soviet and Stalin commanded that the straits was a matter of Soviet security.
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General Omar N. Bradley
Army Chief of Staff, warned that the Soviets could impede the passage of Allied trucks without the use of force. They could simply close the roads for repairs, or a bridge could go out just ahead of you and then another bridge behind, and you’d be in a hell of a fix.
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European T.V.A.
Wallace, already ousted from the administration after his speech in NY, termed the aid program a “Material Plan,” and Senator Taft denounced it as a “European T.V.A “To much money had already had already gone overseas, many charged, and such a program might worsen U.S.-Soviet relations and further divide Europe into hostile camps.
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Inchon
MacArthur made a daring move Sept. 15 by landing at Inchon on the western side of the Peninsula, hundreds of miles behind North Korean front. “We shall land at Inchon, and we shall crush them.”
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The Soviets wanted a huge loan from the U.S for domestic reconstruction purposed, but even though Secretary of Commerce and Sectary of Treasury Mogenthau favored the financial measure as a stimulus to trade and better relations, Truman opposed the action without Soviet concessions.
Henry Morgenithau
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First gave statutory sanction to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and established several advisory bodies. It created a National Security Council to advise the president on domestic and foreign policy relating to the nation’s security, secretary of war was replaced by defense and the CIA was created.
National Security Act
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The former U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union, he had won Truman’s support for foreign aid as, “one of the most effective weapons at our disposal.” The president later asserted that the Soviets would have to come to the U.S. because “we held all the cards.”
Averill Harriman
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With the news of the West German Republic, the Soviet Union was not happy. They imposed a blockade of all surface routs into West Berlin in a effort to intimidate and divide the Western alliance, and halt the move toward West German government, and undermined U.S. influence in Europe. Because of this, in 1949, the Anglo-American airlift began. It had provided 13,000 tons of goods per day, enough to meet the needs of Americans plus the city’s other 2.5 million residents.
Berlin Airlift
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Azerbaijan (Chap. 9)
When a communist inspired revolution broke out late the following year here, the Moscow government sent arms and troops to aid the rebels. Iran worked with the U.S. in the beginning of the matter before the United Nations, which was then meeting in London. The Council turned the issue over to the Iranians and Soviets to negotiate. The Soviets demanded the permanent installation of troops in Iran and control of a proposed oil company, and rights for the Communist Tudeh Party in Azerbaijan, Iran rejected the terms. After the disagreement both armies grew in size and bought more military goods. The Soviets pulled out of Iran after securing certain rights for the Tudeh in Azerbaijan and gaining the assurance of oil conceptions in Iran legislature approved, which never materialized.