Kinetics
For A -> 2 B, if the rate of change for B is 4 M/s, then the rate of change of A is this.
What is -2 M/s?
This thermodynamic parameter is associated with the dispersal of energy and matter.
What is entropy?
At equilibrium, the reaction quotient, Q, becomes this variable.
What is K (the equilibrium constant)?
This type of chemical species produces H3O+ when added to water.
What is an acid?
This chemical process is associated with increasing charge, losing electrons, gaining oxygens, and losing hydrogens.
What is oxidation?
In addition to increasing the concentration of reactants, increasing this will lead to an increase in the reaction rate.
What is the temperature?
This Law of Thermodynamics says that the entropy of a perfect crystal at 0 Kelvin is 0.
What is the 3rd Law of Thermodynamics?
If Q > K, the reaction will proceed in this direction to reach equilibrium.
What is "towards the reactants"?
CO32- is known as this in relationship to HCO3-.
What is the conjugate base?
In an electrochemical cell, reduction occurs at this electrode.
What is the cathode?
The integrated rate law below is associated with this reaction order.
ln[A]_t=-kt+ln[A]_0
What is first order?
This law allows us to sum together multiple reactions in order to calculate the overall energy change in the net (summed) reaction.
What is Hess's Law?
This type of table is needed in order to calculate the concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium.
What is a RICE table?
This variable quantifies the magnitude of the H3O+ concentration, but decreases as H3O+ increases.
What is the pH?
In the reaction below, this reactant is the oxidizing agent.
Si(s) + 2 Cl_2(g)->SiCl_4(l)
What is chlorine gas (Cl2(g))?
A catalyst speeds up the rate of a reaction by lowering this type of energy.
What is the activation energy?
The equation below allows us to calculate this thermodynamic variable.
/_\H-T/_\S
What is the Gibb's Energy?
If the following reaction, initially at equilibrium, is transferred to a larger container, the reaction will shift in this direction to reach equilibrium.
PCl_5(g) hArr PCl_3(g)+Cl_2(g)
What is forming more products (to the right)?
This characteristic of a buffer is maximized when the pH = pKa.
What is the buffer capacity (or resistance to pH changes)?
When balancing oxidation-reduction reactions, this chemical is added to half reactions to balance the oxygen atoms.
What is water (H2O)?
In a proposed reaction mechanism, the experimentally-observed rate law must be consistent with this step (the slowest step(s) or the fastest step(s)).
What is the slowest step?
If the following is true for a reaction, it is spontaneous under these temperature conditions.
/_\H<0 and /_\S<0
What are low temperatures?
A solution that has exceeded its molar solubility, resulting in the formation of a solid, is known as this type of solution.
What is a saturated solution?
When equal moles of HCl and NH3 are combined, the resulting pH is this (=7, <7, or >7).
What is <7?
This is the name of the equation used to calculate the non-standard reduction potential for an electrochemical cell.
What is the Nernst Equation?