Acid–Base Theory & Strength
This acid definition explains behavior beyond aqueous systems by focusing on electron pairs.
What is the Lewis acid definition?
This table format is used to track concentration changes in equilibrium problems.
What is an ICE table?
This principle explains how buffers resist pH change.
What is Le Châtelier’s Principle?
This mnemonic helps remember oxidation and reduction.
What is OIL RIG?
This equation relates cell potential to free energy.
What is ΔG° = −nFE°cell?
This factor explains why HF is weaker than HCl despite fluorine being more electronegative.
What is bond strength (strong H–F bond)?
In weak acid calculations, this approximation rule allows us to neglect “–x” if it is less than this percentage.
What is the 5% rule?
This equation is used to calculate the pH of a buffer system.
What is the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation?
Oxidation always occurs at this electrode.
What is the anode?
This equation adjusts cell potential under nonstandard conditions.
What is the Nernst equation?
This concept stabilizes conjugate bases by spreading electron density across multiple atoms.
What is resonance stabilization?
For a weak acid HA, this variable “x” typically represents this quantity.
What is [H⁺] formed (or amount dissociated)?
At this point in a titration, pH equals pKa.
What is the half-equivalence point?
This component maintains electrical neutrality by allowing ion flow.
What is the salt bridge?
At equilibrium, the cell potential equals this value.
What is zero?
A strong acid is best defined by this property related to its conjugate base.
What is having a very weak (stable) conjugate base?
f the 5% rule fails, this mathematical method must be used to solve for equilibrium concentrations.
What is the quadratic formula?
This determines how well a buffer resists pH changes.
What is buffer capacity?
This value determines whether a redox reaction is spontaneous.
What is a positive E°cell?
If Q increases, this happens to Ecell.
What is Ecell decreases?
This effect explains how electronegative atoms near an acidic proton increase acidity without resonance.
What is the inductive effect?
A weak acid has a Ka of 1.8 × 10⁻⁵. This tells you this about its ionization.
What is it partially ionizes (weak acid behavior)?
In a weak acid–strong base titration, the equivalence point pH is typically this.
What is greater than 7?
Electrons flow in a galvanic cell from this electrode to this electrode.
What is from anode to cathode?
This law is used to calculate mass deposited in electrolysis.
What is Faraday’s Law?