Electron Configuration
Write the noble gas configuration for Na
[Ne]3s¹
Which is larger: Na or K?
K
Explanation: Atomic radius increases down a group because new electron shells are added, increasing distance from the nucleus.
Classify as ionic or covalent: NaCl.
Ionic
A patient needs 0.25 g of acetaminophen. Each tablet contains 125 mg.
How many tablets should the nurse give?
2 tablets
Is melting ice a physical or chemical change?
Physical change
Which element has the electron configuration [Ne]3s²3p⁵?
Cl (chlorine)
Which has higher electronegativity: N or F?
F
Explanation: Electronegativity increases across a period and up a group. Fluorine is to the right and higher on the periodic table than nitrogen.
Classify as ionic or covalent: CO₂
Covalent
A patient receives an IV infusion of an antibiotic for 4.75 hours. The IV pump runs at a constant rate of 1.25 mL/min. How much solution (in liters) is delivered?
0.356 L
Name Na₂O.
Sodium oxide
The predicted condensed electron configuration for Cu is [Ar]4s²3d⁹. What is the actual condensed electron configuration? Explain why this configuration is more stable.
[Ar]4s¹3d¹⁰
Explanation: A completely filled d subshell (d¹⁰) is more stable than a d⁹. Electrons naturally “rearrange” to make the atom more stable. An electron from the 4s orbital can be promoted into the 3d orbital with very little energy cost. By moving one electron from 4s → 3d, copper achieves a fully filled d-subshell, which lowers the atom’s energy and makes it more stable.
Which has the higher ionization energy: C or Si?
C
Explanation: Ionization energy increases up a group. Carbon is above silicon, so its electrons are held more tightly by the nucleus, requiring more energy to remove.
Which bond is more polar: C–O or C–H?
C–O, That’s because oxygen is much more electronegative than carbon, so it pulls shared electrons toward itself strongly.
A patient requires 0.75 mg of medication. Capsules available are 250 µg each. How many capsules should be given?
3 capsules
Place Na, Mg, and Al in order of decreasing ionization energy.
Al > Mg > Na
Expand [Ar]4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶ into the full electron configuration.
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ (Krypton)
Arrange O, F, and N in order of increasing atomic radius.
F < O < N
Explanation: Atomic radius decreases across a period (left to right). N is farthest left, so it has the largest radius; F is farthest right, so it has the smallest.
Why is NaCl ionic while Cl₂ is covalent?
NaCl = metal + nonmetal, electron transfer; Cl₂ = two nonmetals, electron sharing.
A child weighs 32 kg. The medication order is 6 mg/kg. The drug is supplied as 40 mg/mL. How many liters should be drawn up for a single dose?
4.8×10^-3
Burning magnesium ribbon, physical or chemical change?
Chemical change
Which element ends in [Kr]5s²4d¹⁰5p³?
Sb (antimony)
Explain why ionization energy increases across a period.
Across a period, each atom gains a proton, so the nucleus becomes more positively charged. Electrons are added to the same main energy level. The stronger nucleus pulls outer electrons in tighter, making them harder to remove, so ionization energy increases.
Predict the type of bond between Mg and O.
Ionic bond
A patient weighs 70.2 kg (1 kg ≈ 2.2lb). The doctor prescribes 2 µg of fentanyl per pound of body weight. The solution concentration is 50 µg/mL, and the infusion rate is 2 mL/hr. How long does it take to give the full dose (in minutes)?
185 minutes
Name FeCl₂
Iron(II) chloride