chapter 8
What are the 5 different electron geometry names?
2- linear
3- trigonal planar
4- tetrahedral
5- trigonal bipyramidal
6- octahedral
What are the six phase changes?
vaporization- liquid to gas
melting- solid to liquid
sublimation- solid to gas
condensation- gas to liquid
freezing- liquid to solid
deposition- gas to solid
What are the four types of crystalline solids and examples?
1. Ionic solids- NaCl
2. Molecular solids- H2O
3. Covalent network- diamond
4. Metallic- metals(Cu, Zn, etc)
What is a solute, solvent, and solution and what is solubility?
a solute dissolves in a solvent to create a solution
solubility is the max amount of solute that can dissolve in the given amount of solvent at a certain temp
What is reaction rate?
change in concentrations of reactants or products over time
What are the different hybridization bonds and what lewis structures relate to each?
sp3- tetrahedral
sp2- trigonal planar
sp- linear
What is surface tension?
when molecules on the surface feel attractive forces on one side and pull in the liquid
What are the four types of packing and associated coordination numbers?
1. Simple cubic packing(identical layers) CN: 6
2. Body Centered(two diff layers that offset to fit closer) CN:8
3. Hexagonal Closest Packing(two alternating hexagonal layers CN:12
4. Cubic Closest Packing(3 alternating layers that sit together closer) CN:12
What factors affect solubility and how depending on phase?
1. Temp- solids increase solubility as temp increases, gases decrease solubility as temp increases
2. Pressure- gases increase in solubility as pressure increases, not much affect on solids
What is rate law
rate=k[A]^m[B]^B
What is the difference between a sigma and pi bond?
sigma is single bond
pi is double bond
How does increasing temperature relate to kinetic energy and pressure?
increases both
What are the three unit cells and how can you find the formula from it?
1. Primitive cubic- least
2. Body-centered cubic- closer
3. Face-centered cubic- closest
What are the four colligative properties and definitions?
1. vapor pressure lowering- solute lowers vapor pressure compared to pure solid
2. boiling point elevation- solute increases boiling point compared to pure solvent
3. freezing point depression- solute decreases freezing point
4. osmotic pressure- pressure applied to prevent net flow of solvent
If the first step in a reaction is the slow step, what is the overall rate law?
the rate law of the slow step
What is a dipole?
when a bond isn't equal in polarity/strength
What are regions, lines, triplet point, and critical point of a water phase diagram?
regions- phases
lines- equilibrium
triplet point- equilibrium of all 3 phases
critical point- densities of liquid and gas are equal temp
What is the difference between constructive and destructive interferences?
constructive have waves in-phase so increased intensity
destructive have waves out of phase so cancellation
What is van't hoff factor?
measured value for electrolyte/expected value for nonelectrolyte
electrolyte is usually #of ions
nonelectrolyte is 1
If the slow step is the second step of the equation, what is the overall rate law?
rate1(fwd)=rate2(rev)
What are the four intermolecular forces?
1. London Dispersion- nonpolar
2. Dipole-Dipole- opposite charges attract when close
3. Hydrogen Bonds- hydrogen attraction when attached to electronegative atoms(O,N,F) or another electron rich area(lone pair)
4. Ion-Dipole- polar molecules go towards ions so opposite charges are together(Na+ and the O in H2O)
Does bonding MO or antibonding MO have lower energy?
bonding
face- 1/2
corner- 1/8
center- 1
splitting- 1/4
What do you use to calculate pressure if you have volatile solutions?
Daltons law of partial pressure
How does a catalyst affect a reaction?
decreases amount of activation energy needed to proceed with reaction