Thermo-dynamics
The energy an object has by virtue of its position in a field of force, such as gravitational, electric or magnetic field
What is potential energy?
The reaction vessel warms, heat is evolved
What is an exothermic reaction?
A physical or chemical change that occurs by itself
The direction that equilibrium moves when Q < K
What is left to right?
The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the particles making up a substance
What is internal energy?
The average enthalpy change for breaking the bond in a molecule in a gas phase
What is bond enthalpy/energy?
What is negative?
The reference form of mercury under standard thermodynamic conditions.
What is liquid?
Flows from a region of higher temperature to one of lower temperature
What is heat?
A measure of how dispersed the energy of a system is among the different possible ways that system can contain energy
What is entropy?
The free energy change that occurs when reactants in their standard states are converted to products in their standard states
What is standard free energy change?
The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by one degree Celsius (or one Kelvin) at constant pressure
Specific Heat (Capacity)
An energy transfer (or energy flow) into or out of a
thermodynamic system whose effect on the surroundings is
equivalent to moving an object through a field of force
What is work?
The standard enthalpy of formation of H+(aq)
What is zero?
The entropy value for the standard state of the
species
What is standard molar entropy?
The water in a calorimeter
What are the surroundings?
Property of a system that depends only on its state and which is independent of any previous history of the system
What is a state function?
In any spontaneous process, the total entropy of the universe must increase
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
The sign and approximate magnitude of the standard free energy when the equilibrium lies far towards the products
What is large and negative?
The change in energy that occurs when an ionic solid is separated into isolated atoms in the gas phase
What is lattice energy?