DNA, RNA, and ATP
What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
Nitrogen base, deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group
What kind of reaction breaks down compounds by the addition of H₂O?
Hydrolysis
What is the term for all chemical reactions that occur in biological systems?
Metabolism
What type of biological molecule are enzymes?
Globular proteins
What are two main types of enzyme inhibition?
Competitive and noncompetitive inhibition
What bases pair together in DNA?
A with T, and G with C
What kind of reaction joins two compounds together by releasing H₂O as a product?
Dehydration synthesis
What is the breakdown of substances called?
Catabolism
What do enzymes act as in metabolic reactions?
Catalysts
How can competitive inhibition be overcome?
By adding a large concentration of substrate
How does RNA differ from DNA?
Has ribose sugar, uses U instead of T, and is single-stranded
What kind of reaction requires an input of energy to occur?
Endergonic reaction
What is the synthesis or formation of new substances called?
Anabolism
What do catalysts do in chemical reactions?
They speed up reactions by lowering activation energy
In noncompetitive inhibition, where does the inhibitor bind?
At a site other than the active site
What is the structure of DNA?
A double helix with antiparallel strands joined by hydrogen bonds
What kind of reaction gives off energy as a product?
Exergonic reaction
What are the two main categories of metabolic reactions?
Catabolism and anabolism
What is the term for the substance an enzyme acts on?
Substrate
What is the range of the pH scale, and what number is neutral?
0–14; 7 is neutral
What molecule is the common source of activation energy for metabolic reactions?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
What type of reaction involves the transfer of electrons, such as in the electron transport chain?
Redox reaction
In metabolism, which type of reaction typically releases energy — catabolic or anabolic?
Catabolic
What is the name of the model that describes how an enzyme’s active site changes shape when the substrate binds?
Induced-fit model
How much more acidic is a pH of 3 compared to a pH of 4?
10 times more acidic