ATOMS AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Atoms are made up of three subatomic particles...
PROTONS
NEUTRONS
ELECTRONS
What kind of chemical bond involves the Attraction between cations (electron donor) and anions (electron acceptor)?
IONIC BONDS
Type of reactions that break chemical bonds.
AB ---> A + B
EXAMPLE: Hydrolysis A-B + H2O ----> A-H + HO-B
•When large molecules are split into smaller atoms, ions, or molecules (process of breaking down)
Decomposition Reaction (Catabolism)
Water’s ability to dissolve a solute in a solvent to make a solution
Solubility
-refers to any substance that releases a H+ ion (hydrogen ion or a proton) in an aqueous solution.
-proton donor, higher concentration of hydrogen ions.
Acid
The atomic number represents...
the number of protons in an atom
Strong electron bonds involving shared electrons
Covalent bonds
-Type of rxn that forms chemical bonds.
-A + B -----> AB
•When two or more ions, atoms, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules (process of making or building up)
Synthesis Reaction (Anabolism)
HOW IS WATER CLASSIFIED?
1. ORGANIC OR INORGANIC?
2. POLAR OR NONPOLAR?
INORGANIC AND POLAR
Weak acid/salt compounds
Neutralize either strong acid or strong base
-help to regulate pH by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases
Buffers
•is the number of
protons and neutrons (uncharged
particles) in an atom
MASS NUMBER
•have an unpaired electron in its outermost shell (becomes unstable and destructive to cells around them)
FREE RADICALS
Reactions that produce more energy than they use.
***Energy is given off***
Exergonic (Exothermic) Reactions
_____ are positive or negative ions that dissolve in water.
Electrolytes
The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
pH
They have the same atomic number but a different number of neutrons.
ISOTOPES
•two atoms share the electrons equally (one atom is not pulling more strongly than the other – carbon dioxide)
NONPOLAR COVALENT BONDS
The minimum amount of energy needed for a specific reaction to go forward.
The activation energy
Water’s ability to absorb and retain heat (Can release large amounts of heat with only a modest change in temperature)
High Heat Capacity
Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms
Monosaccharides
How do you determine the number of neutrons in an atom?
subtract the atomic number (number of protons) from the atomic mass (number of protons and neutrons)
This type of bond result from attraction of oppositely charged parts of molecules (remember the partial charges attract to one another)
HYDROGEN BONDS
Rxn that uses more energy than it produces.
**Energy is absorbed**
Endergonic (Endothermic) Reactions
A term that describes molecules that Do NOT interact with water.
Includes nonpolar molecules, fats, and oils
Hydrophobic
______ are an important component of cell membranes – they form the membrane, and its unique design only permits some things to enter and exit the cell
phospholipids