Bonding Types
What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonding?
Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons between a metal and a nonmetal, while covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between two nonmetals.
How many valence electrons does nitrogen have?
Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons.
What is the molecular geometry of CO₂?
Linear
What is the strongest intermolecular force in water (H₂O)?
Hydrogen bonding.
What is the molecular geometry of BF₃?
Trigonal planar.
What type of bond forms between two oxygen atoms in O₂?
A double covalent bond.
Draw the Lewis structure for CH₄.
Carbon in the center with single bonds to four hydrogen atoms.
What is the bond angle in a tetrahedral molecule?
Approximately 109.5°.
Which type of intermolecular force exists between nonpolar molecules?
London dispersion forces.
Why is water (H₂O) a polar molecule?
Water is polar because of its bent shape and the difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and oxygen.
Which type of bond is stronger: ionic or covalent?
Ionic bonds are generally stronger due to the electrostatic attraction between ions.
Why do some molecules have expanded octets?
Atoms in Period 3 and beyond can use their d-orbitals to accommodate more than 8 electrons.
What is the shape of NH₃, and why?
Trigonal pyramidal, due to one lone pair on nitrogen.
Why do dipole-dipole forces occur?
They arise from the attraction between the partial positive and partial negative ends of polar molecules.
What type of intermolecular force is strongest in HF?
Hydrogen bonding.
What kind of bond forms in metallic bonding?
A bond involving a "sea of delocalized electrons" shared among metal cations.
How many lone pairs are on the oxygen atom in water (H₂O)?
Two lone pairs.
What is the electron geometry of BF₃?
Trigonal planar.
Which has stronger intermolecular forces: H₂O or CO₂?
H₂O, due to hydrogen bonding.
How many lone pairs are present on the central atom in NH₃?
One lone pair.
What determines the polarity of a covalent bond?
The difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms.
What is the formal charge on the central atom in the nitrate ion (NO₃⁻)?
he formal charge on nitrogen is +1.
How does the presence of lone pairs affect molecular geometry?
Lone pairs repel bonded atoms more strongly, distorting bond angles.
What is the dominant intermolecular force in CH₄?
London dispersion forces.
What type of bond is present in NaCl?
Ionic bond