General Chemistry
Standard conditions are defined as this temperature and pressure.
25°C (298 K) and 1 bar
This type of reaction converts an alcohol into an alkene via an elimination mechanism.
Dehydration reaction
The Zwitterion form of an amino acid occurs at this specific pH, where the net charge is zero.
Isoelectric point (pI)
The change in internal energy of an ideal gas is solely a function of this state variable
Temperature
The Haber process is used to synthesize this industrially important compound.
Ammonia
The equilibrium constant, K, of a reaction is related to the Gibbs free energy change by this equation.
∆G=-RTln(K)
The reactivity of carbonyl compounds in nucleophilic addition reactions increases when this group is attached to the carbonyl carbon.
Electron-withdrawing group
This enzyme catalyzes the first step of glycolysis, converting glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.
Hexokinase
The heat capacity of an ideal monatomic gas is exactly this multiple of the gas constant R under constant volume conditions
(3/2)R
This type of spectroscopy is based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation due to molecular vibrations.
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy
The Born-Haber cycle is used to calculate this thermodynamic quantity, which represents the formation of an ionic compound from its elements.
Lattice energy
The Huckel 4n + 2 rule determines whether a molecule has this property.
Aromaticity
This metabolic cycle, named after a German biochemist, produces succinate and fumarate as intermediates.
Krebs (TCA) cycle
The entropy of a perfectly ordered crystal at absolute zero is defined as zero by this law.
The third law of thermodynamics
This biochemical cycle allows the net synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.
Gluconeogenesis
This equation describes the statistical distribution of molecular speeds in an ideal gas.
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
The Grignard reagent is synthesized by the reaction of an alkyl or aryl halide with this metal.
Magnesium (Mg)
The Bohr effect describes how changes in this physiological condition affect hemoglobin's oxygen-binding affinity.
pH (or CO₂ concentration)
This law states that at constant volume, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature in Kelvin. The equation for this law is P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂.
Gay-Lussac's Law
The Henry’s law constant describes the solubility of a gas in a liquid as proportional to this factor.
The partial pressure of the gas
This fundamental law states that for an ideal solution, the partial vapor pressure of each component is proportional to its mole fraction.
Raoult’s Law
This reaction sequence involves the electrophilic addition of mercury(II) acetate (Hg(OAc)₂) to an alkene, followed by reduction with sodium borohydride (NaBH₄), resulting in the formation of an alcohol while preserving Markovnikov's rule.
Oxymercuration-demercuration
The Lineweaver-Burk plot is used to determine these two key kinetic parameters of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Km (Michaelis constant) and Vmax (maximum velocity)
The Clausius-Clapeyron equation can be used to estimate this thermodynamic property, which measures the temperature dependence of vapor pressure.
Enthalpy of vaporization
This group of elements, located in Group 15 of the periodic table, includes nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. They are known for forming a variety of compounds, including nitrides and phosphides.
Pnictogens