Atomic Structure
What is the charge and relative mass of a proton?
+1 charge, relative mass 1
What type of bonding involves the transfer of electrons?
Ionic bonding
What is relative formula mass (Mr)?
The sum of the relative atomic masses in a compound
What is oxidation in terms of oxygen?
Gain of Oxygen
What gas is produced during complete combustion of hydrocarbons?
Carbon Dioxide
What is an isotope?
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?
Strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions
What is a mole?
The amount of substance containing 6.02*1023 particles
What is reduction in terms of electrons?
Gain of electrons
What pollutant is produced during incomplete combustion?
Carbon Monoxide
Why do elements in the same group have similar properties?
They have the same number of outer shell electrons
Why can graphite conduct electricity?
It has delocalised electrons that can move
What equation links moles, mass, and Mr?
moles = mass ÷ Mr
Why does increasing temperature increase reaction rate?
Particles have more kinetic energy, leading to more successful collisions
What causes acid rain?
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides dissolving in rainwater
Why does atomic radius decrease across a period?
Increasing nuclear charge pulls electrons closer
What is meant by a giant covalent structure?
A structure with many atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds in a lattice
What is meant by concentration in mol/dm³?
Moles of solute per cubic decimetre of solution
What is activation energy?
The minimum energy required for a reaction
Why is carbon monoxide dangerous to humans?
It binds to haemoglobin and reduces oxygen transport
What is ionisation energy?
The energy required to remove an electron from an atom
Why are polymers flexible compared to giant covalent structures?
Weak intermolecular forces between chains allow them to slide past each other
Why might the actual yield of a reaction be lower than the theoretical yield?
Losses, incomplete reactions, or side reactions
How does a catalyst increase reaction rate?
t provides an alternative pathway with lower activation energy
How do catalytic converters reduce pollution from cars?
They convert harmful gases (CO, NOx) into less harmful gases (CO₂, N₂)