Chemistry
Which of the following is associated with prokaryotes and does not introduce new genetic material?
A. mitosis
B. binary fission
C. transformation
D. transduction
B
The nuclear membrane is absent in which of the following phases of mitosis?
I. Anaphase
II. Telophase
III. Metaphase
A. I
B. I and II
C. I and III
D. II and III
C
Why is ATP known as a “high energy” structure at a neutral pH?
A. It exhibits a large decrease in free energy when it undergoes hydrolytic reactions
B. The phosphate ion released from ATP hydrolysis is very reactive
C. It causes cellular processes to proceed at faster rates
D. Adenine is the best energy storage molecule of all the nitrogenous bases
A
What blood type is the universal donor? Universal acceptor?
donor = type O
acceptor = AB
What are (3) functions of lipids?
Answers will vary.
Define valence electron. How many valence electrons does sodium have?
an electron in the outermost shell, or energy level, of an atom, 2
200L of X is used to dissolve 30g of Y…
What is the solute?
What is the solvent?
solute = Y
solvent = X
Use medical terminology to break down the word carbohydrate.
carbo- carbon
-hydr- water
-ate forms names of chemical substances
Define prebiotic.
a non-digestible food ingredient that promotes a strong gut biome
What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid?
Saturated has max amount of H and no double bonds.
Define hydrogen bond. Draw an example of hydrogen bonds between (2) molecules of water.
an attractive force between a hydrogen atom attached to a highly electronegative element and another highly electronegative element. Students can view chemistry slides to compare drawing.
Provide (2) examples of acids and (2) examples of alkalines. A pH of 8 is how many times more or less acidic than a pH of 14?
Answers will vary, 1 million times more acidic.
Define isomer. Explain why ribose and deoxyribose are/are not isomers.
An isomer is the same formula but different structures. They are not isomers. Ribose C5H10O5 and deoxyribose C5H10O4
Where is glycogen located? What is its composition?
Glycogen is the stored form of glucose made up of many connected glucose monomers
Stored in the liver and muscles
Found in animals
Compare and contrast a liposome to a micelle.
Micelle: Micelles are a spherically shaped grouping of phospholipids found in liquid. Are used in detergents and soaps. Also used to help the body absorb lipid and fat soluble vitamins.
Liposome: A liposome is a small, spherical sac of phospholipid molecules that encloses a water droplet. Artificial, used to carry/administer drugs into the tissues
What are the most electronegative elements and why?
F, Cl, O, N, because they all need to complete there octet so they really want more electrons.
How is menthol similar to your body's reaction to spicy foods?
It makes you feel a temperature, cold receptors.
Define R-group. When do we have an aldose? A ketose?
Where the remainder of the side carbon chain is attached.
At the end of carbon chain
In the middle of carbon chain
Where is starch found? Describe the (2) structures in starch.
Starch is a complex carbohydrate that consists of a large amount of glucose monomers
Found in plants
Starch has (2) types of molecules within it
Amylose which is a straight chain of D-glucose monomers
Amylopectin which is a branched chain of D-glucose monomers
What type of lipid is cholesterol? What is its main function in the cell membrane?
steroid, membrane stability.
Define ionic bond, polar covalent bond, and nonpolar covalent bond. Provide an example of each.
ionic: a chemical bond between two oppositely charged ions, usually metal and nonmetal.
polar covalent: electrons are shared unequally in a covalent bond, usually between two nonmetals
nonpolar covalent: when electrons are shared equally between two atoms, usually between same nonmetal element.
Examples will vary
Provide a definition and why its important for the following properties of water:
Polar Molecule
Cohesion
Adhesion
Excellent Solvent
High Heat Capacity
High heat of vaporization
Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid
1. A Polar Covalent Molecule: partially positive and partially negative regions that are sharing electrons
2. the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind
3. the attraction of molecules for other molecules of a different kind
4. ability to dissolve many polar and ionic substances
5. it takes a lot of energy to raise the temp of 1g of water by one degree Celsius
6. it takes a lot of energy to raise the temp enough to cause vaporization
7. As water freezes, the molecules form a crystalline structure (think snowflakes!) This spaces out the molecules further apart than in liquid form
Examples will vary
What type of bond forms after dehydration synthesis of (2) carb monomers? What monomers do we need to make maltose, lactose, and sucrose?
glycosidic bond
maltose: glucose + glucose
lactose: glucose + galactose
sucrose: glucose: fructose
What is the function of chitin, peptidoglycan, and cellulose? How is the structure beneficial to the function?
cell walls
They form parallel strands that create a barrier or wall more effectively.
Explain the difference between LDL and HDL.
HDL = “good” cholesterol
More protein than cholesterol = more dense
Absorbs cholesterol from cells and brings it to the liver for removal
LDL = “bad” cholesterol
More cholesterol than protein = less dense
Transports cholesterol from liver to other parts of your body
Too much = buildup in vessels; forms plaque in arteries causing them to harden and narrow