not nris what is that
What potassium levels can be fatal?
Over 10 mmol/L
How can CKD cause anemia?
Kidney damage can impair EPO production, which promotes the production of mature red blood cells from the BM.
What acute phase reactant is measured in amniotic fluid to determine if a fetus has down syndrome, spina bifida, or anencephaly?
Alpha-1-Fetoprotein
Bicarbonate
Patient presents with abdominal pain. Her lab values were as follows. What is the most likely diagnosis?
pH: 7.41, HCO3: 26, PCO2: 42
Normal Patient. Forgot she was lactose intolerant and ate an entire tub of ice cream.
What is the NRI for A:G ratio?
1.0-1.8
Significant increase in calcium oxalate crystals is also referred to as?
Nephrolithasis or kidney stones
A newborn is showing discomfort after meals. A mousy odor is detected on the baby's breath, skin, and urine. Lab results show increased phenylalanine, increased phenylketones, and a deficiency in tyrosine. A Guthrie's filter paper test shows this baby most likely has _____?
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
What happens to chloride in respiratory acidosis?
Decreased chloride due to secretion of chloride ions when more bicarbonate ions are present, causing hypochloremia.
A dialysis patient presents with the following lab values. What is the most probable diagnosis?
pH: 7.30, HCO3: 20, PCO2: 43
Uncompensated Metabolic Acidosis due to renal failure.
What are the NRIs for iron, TIBC, and ferritin?
Iron: 65-179 ug/dL
TIBC: 250-450 ug/dL
Ferritin: (M) 20-300 ng/dL; (F) 10-120 ng/dL
Urinalysis shows oval fat bodies in the urine. What is the most likely diagnosis and cause?
Nephrotic syndrome from increased permeability of the GBM. Diabetic nephropathy, amyloidosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus are the most common causes.
What branched-chain amino acids build up in Maple Syrup Urine Disease?
Leucine, isoleucine, and valine
What percent change in osmolality can trigger the release of ADH?
A 1-2% increase triggers the release of ADH. A 1-2% decrease shuts down ADH production.
A patient in congestive heart failure begins to have difficulty breathing, confusion, and fatigue. Lab results show the following. What is the most likely diagnosis?
pH: 7.22, HCO3: 27, PCO2: 71
Partially Compensated Respiratory Acidosis due to congestive heart failure.
How is electroneutrality maintained by the chloride shift? How does hydrogen and potassium function in the buffering system?
Bicarbonate shifts outside of the cell, chloride shifts inside the cell to maintain acid-base balance. When the environment is too acidic, hydrogen shifts into the cell and potassium moves out of the cell.
A diabetic patient comes to the ER with complaints of lower back pain and a burning sensation when urinating. Urinalysis shows hematuria, proteinuria, and reduced GFR. What is a likely diagnosis for this patient?
Diabetic Nephropathy
What does electrophoresis look like for liver cirrhosis?
Decreased albumin, deceased alpha 1, decreased alpha 2, and beta-gamma bridge.
What drug is in the sweat chloride test to induce sweating?
Pilocarpine
An infant is accidentally given 81g of IV aspirin instead of 81mg. Lab values are as follows. What is the most likely diagnosis?
pH: 7.48, HCO3: 19, PCO2: 20
Uncompensated Respiratory Alkalosis due to salicylate (aspirin) poisoning.
Name every NRI. Go. This is double points if all are correct on the first go.
Look at canvas. I ain't typing that.
A patient comes to the hospital after feeling shortness of breath and seeing blood in his urine. Urinalysis finds visible red blood cell casts. The patient does not have a history of kidney problems, but has recently had a Group A strep infection. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Acute glomerulonephritis due to post-streptococcal sequelae.
A mother chose to have a home birth, but has yet to bring the child to the hospital. After three days, the baby is admitted to the ER for persistent vomiting after meals. The newborn is lethargic and the baby's diaper has a sweet smell. Lab tests confirm a deficiency of the branched-chain-alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex. What is the likely cause of this problem?
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
When potassium shifts into the cells during alkalosis, what electrolyte imbalance can be seen from the compensation mechanism? Similarly, what occurs to this electrolyte in acidosis?
Hypokalemia of redistribution. This is a result of potassium moving into the cells in exchange for hydrogen to keep electrical neutrality. In acidosis, hydrogen moves into the cell to get buffered, while potassium moves out to maintain electrical neutrality.
A 84-year-old patient arrives at the ER unresponsive. Family informs the medical team that the patient with Alzheimer's was recently prescribed morphine for lower back pain. Lab tests indicate the following results. What is the likely diagnosis?
pH: 7.29, HCO3: 26, PCO2: 67
Uncompensated Respiratory Acidosis due to morphine overdose.