chemical structure
elements
the simplest form of chemical matter; an element can not be broken down into a simpler substance without loss of identity; there are 118 elements know to science-98 occur naturally on earth the rest are synthetic (produced artificially)
solution
a stable uniform mixture of 2 or more substances
a solute is the substance that is dissolved in a solution
a solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute and makes the solution
pH
potential hydrogen-represents the quantity of hydrogen ions
pH scale is used to measure the acidity and alkalinity of substances-range from 0-14 seven being neutral-a change in 1 whole number represents a tenfold change in pH (pg 166)
labels/transportation/storage
all chemicals must have and EPA registration number
follow instructions on the label for transporting chemicals
all chemicals should be stored and disposed of in their original container
alkalis
aka bases; compounds that react with acids to form salts
atoms
the smallest chemical components (particles) of an element; structures that make up the element and have the same properties of the element-protons have positive charge neutrons have no charge-the number of protons determines the element-cannot be divided into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means
miscible/immiscible
miscible-liquids that are mutually soluble (can be mixed together to form a solution)
Immiscible- liquids that are not capable of being mixed together will separate when left sitting an emulsion is need to form a solution
acids
pH below 7
AHA's- derived from fruit plants, used to exfoliate and help adjust the pH of lotions
glycolic lactic acids common chemical exfoliants
mixing chemicals
location must be well ventilated and have protective equipment available
always read labels thoroughly before mixing chemicals
use a measuring devise and always add the chemical to water
ion
an atom or molecule that carries a charge
molecule
a chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite proportions example: water is made from hydrogen and oxygen atoms h2o- 2 hydrogen atoms plus one oxygen atom
suspensions/emulsions
suspensions-unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in liquid (salad dressing)
emulsion-unstable physical mixture of 2 or more immiscible substances an emulsifier is the ingredient that binds substances together
acid-alkali neutralization reactions
occurs when an acid is mixed with an alkali in equal proportions balancing the total pH forming water and salt
safety data sheet
safety data sheet (SDS) broken up into catagories-identification, hazard identification, composition/information on ingredients, first aid, fire fighting measures, accidental release, handling/storage etc
must have on hand for every product used in salon
surfactants
a contraction of surface active agents; substances that allow oil and water to mix or emulsify
elemental/compound molecules
elemental is a molecule containing 2 or more atoms of the same element in definite proportions-O2 (ozone) 2 oxygen molecules combined
compound molecules are chemical combinations of 2 or more atoms of different elements in fixed proportions-NaCL (sodium chloride) is table salt
surfactants
substances that allow oil and water to mix
hydrophilic- water loving; capable of combining or attracting water
lipophilic- oil loving; attracts fats or oil
oxidation-reduction
a chemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction take place at the same time-when oxygen is chemically combined with a substance that substance is oxidized; when oxygen is removes from a substance the substance is reduced
oxidizing agent-a substance that releases oxygen
SDS vocabulary
carcinogen-a substance that causes or is believed to cause cancer
mutagen-a substance that may cause cancer
combustible- capable of being ignited
cation
an ion with a positive charge
physical properties/chemical properties
physical properties are characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and do not involve a chemical change in the substance
Chemical properties are characteristics that can be determined only by a chemical reaction and involve a chemical change in the substance
oil-in-water emulsions
water-in-oil emulsions
oil-in-water (OW) oil droplets are emulsified in water; water is the main part of the emulsion will feel lighter in texture; best for oilier skin type
Water-in-oil (WO) water droplets are emulsified in oil; oil is the main part of the emulsion will feel heavier in texture; best for drier skin types
exothermic/endothermic reactions
exothermic reactions-chemical reactions that release energy in the form of heat-heat produced after mixing and activator with perming solution
endothermic reactions- a chemical reaction that requires the absorption of energy or heat from an external source-ice melting is an example
disposal
most states do not currently regulate the disposal of chemicals in the salon-review your states rules periodically to see if changes have occured
anion
an ion with a negative charge