History of the Atom
Formulated in 1805, this scientist's atomic theory stated that each element is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms, which are identical for a given element.
What is Dalton's Atomic Theory?
Expressed as P1V1=P2V2, this law describes the inverse mathematical relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas.
What is Boyle's Law?
This element possesses the single highest first ionization energy on the entire periodic table.
What is Helium?
This chemical rule states that main-group elements carbon and beyond form stable molecules when surrounded by eight electrons.
What is the Octet Rule?
This type of reactant controls the amount of product that can form because it is the reactant that will completely run out first.
What is the limiting reactant (or limiting reagent)?
This perfectly straight molecular shape occurs when a central atom has only 2 electron domains (such as in CO2, resulting in a bond angle of exactly 180
What is Linear?
In 1897, this scientist used a cathode ray tube to discover the electron and determine its charge-to-mass ratio.
Who is J.J. Thomson?
This gas law states that the total pressure in a gas mixture is simply the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas.
What is Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures?
This trend refers to the distance between an atom's nucleus and its valence electrons, and it decreases as you move from left to right across a period.
What is the atomic radius (or atomic size)?
According to VSEPR theory, these unshared pairs require more room than bonding pairs and will compress the angles between bonding pairs.
What are lone pairs (or unshared electron pairs)?
This type of chemical reaction occurs when a hydrocarbon is burned in the presence of oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide and water.
What is a combustion reaction?
According to VSEPR theory, these unshared pairs require more room than bonding pairs and will physically compress the angles between adjacent bonds.
What are lone pairs?
This landmark 1901 experiment fired alpha particles at a thin metal sheet, disproving the "plum pudding" model and confirming the existence of a dense, positive nucleus.
What is Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment?
This scientist's law states that volume and absolute temperature are directly proportional, represented as V1/T1 = V2/T2
What is Charles' Law?
Moving left-to-right across a period, atomic radius decreases because the nucleus gains protons, which creates this effect on the outer electrons
What is an increased attractive (or nuclear) force? (pulling the valence electrons closer without adding extra shielding)
To be considered a polar molecule, the molecular shape must lack this balancing geometric property
What is symmetry? (Asymmetrical molecules with polar bonds are polar overall)
This specific double-displacement reaction occurs between an acid and a base to produce water and a salt.
What is a neutralization reaction?
This is the ideal bond angle for a perfectly symmetrical tetrahedral molecule (like methane, CH4) with 4 bonding pairs and 0 lone pairs.
What is 109.5
This scientist provided evidence from bright-line emission spectra to prove that electrons exist in specific, fixed energy paths called orbits (not orbitals).
Who is Niels Bohr?
This law states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain an equal number of particles, represented as V1/N1 = V2=N2.
What is Avogadro's Law?
This property refers to an atom's ability to attract another atom's electrons to itself when they are associated through a chemical bond.
What is electronegativity?
This specific type of bond—such as that found in MgO—results in incredibly high boiling points because of severe differences in charge and electronegativity.
What is an ionic bond?
This value is calculated by dividing the actual yield (collected from an experiment) by the theoretical yield (from a stoichiometric calculation) and multiplying by 100%.
What is percent yield?
Because lone pairs require more space and push other bonds away, the bond angle in a trigonal pyramidal molecule (like ammonia, $\text{NH}_3$) is squeezed down to this specific value.
What is 107
Known as the wave mechanical model, this modern view of the atom states that electrons do not track in perfect paths, but exist in areas of highest probability called this.
What are Orbitals?
This creator's law models a direct proportional relationship between the pressure of a gas and its absolute temperature, written as P1/T1 = P2T2
What is the Law of Gay-Lussac?
Because third-period elements often have a more negative electron affinity than second-period elements, this specific element holds the most negative electron affinity on the table.
What is Chlorine (Cl)?
This extreme type of dipole-dipole attraction occurs when a hydrogen atom is polar-bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine.
What is a hydrogen bond?
When applying significant figure rules to trailing zeros, you only count the trailing zeros under this specific notation condition.
What is if the number contains a decimal point?
A central atom surrounded by 3 bonding domains and 0 lone pairs forms this flat molecular geometry, boasting ideal bond angles of 120
What is Trigonal Planar?
This scientist utilized evidence from bright line emission spectra to establish that electrons exist in specific energy levels called orbits (not orbitals).
Who is Niels Bohr
This term describes highly mobile liquids with low intermolecular attractions that consequently exhibit relatively high vapor pressures
What is volatile?
This element is the most electronegative.
Whgat is fluorine?
What is the Duet rule?
This rule states that hydrogen, lithium, beryllium, and boron form stable molecules when they share two electrons to achieve a helium electron configuration.
This type of double-displacement reaction occurs when two solutions are mixed together and an insoluble solid crystallizes out.
What is a Precipitation reaction?
Water (H2O) features a bent molecular geometry. Its bond angle is squeezed all the way down to this value because it contains two highly repulsive lone pairs.
What is 104.5